Skilled migration and the transfer of institutional norms

Table 8 The impact of migration on the change in institutions (1990–2000) Developing countries

	Voice and accountability SURE	Government effectiveness SURE	Regulatory quality SURE	Control of corruption 2SLS
Total migration
I _t - 1.	.092	0.011	-0.842***	-0.368***
	(1.788)*	(0.191)	(88.782)	(5.287)
m _t - 1.	.876	-0.134	0.046***	1.482***
	(1.145)	(0.094)	(5.185)	(2.493)
N _t - 1.	644*	0.181	-0.045	0.012
	(1.684)	(0.377)	(0.883)	(0.089)
H _t - 1.	636	0.996	0.038	2.513***
	(0.807)	(1.476)	(1.475)	(2.862)
Constant	-0.082	-0.051	0.123***	-0.492
	(1.212)	(0.827)	(27.154)	(1.446)
Observations	138	138	138	102
Sargan-test	..	..	..	0.51
Adjusted R²	0.05	0.05	0.99	0.28
Skilled migration
I _t - 1.	.084*	0.014	-0.841***	-0.369***
	(1.688)	(0.260)	(88.649)	(5.341)
m _t - 1.	.670*	-1.090	0.147***	3.787**
	(1.888)	(0.722)	(5.132)	(2.139)
N _t - 1.	542***	0.234	-0.049	0.141
	(2.654)	(1.584)	(0.950)	(0.856)
H _t - 1.	614	0.997	0.039	2.887***
	(0.788)	(1.481)	(1.510)	(3.171)
Constant	-0.070	-0.048	0.122***	-0.811*
	(1.043)	(0.809)	(27.055)	(1.868)
Observations	138	138	138	102
Sargan-test	..	..	..	0.52
Adjusted R²	0.07	0.05	0.99	0.29

Robust t-statistics in parentheses, * significant at 10% level; ** significant at 5% level; *** significant at 1% level, F-test for testing for weak instruments (>10 means strong instruments); Sargan-test: p-value reported, null hypothesis = validity of exclusion restriction.