From: EU enlargement and the race to the bottom of welfare states
Explanatory variable | Δ of 1 standard dev. from mean of the expl. var. | Coefficients: Direct effect/interaction effect | Δ diaspora ratio: no restriction | Δ diaspora ratio: with restriction | Differential effect of restriction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual nominal net wage in 10,000 Euro in destination | 0.614 (6140 Euro) | (4) 2.143***/none | (4) 1.316 | - | - |
(5) 4.508**/-3.479* | (5) 2.768 | (5) 0.632 | (5) 2.136 | ||
(6) 5.108***/-4.129** | (6) 3.136 | (6) 0.601 | (6) 2.537 | ||
(7) 4.391*/-3.200 | (7) 2.696 | (7) 0.731 | (7) 1.965 | ||
Unemployment rate in the destination country | 2.996 (2.996%-points) | (4) -0.082/none | (4) -0.246 | - | - |
(5) -0.329***/0.438** | (5) -0.986 | (5) 0.327 | (5) -1.313 | ||
(6) -0.401***/0.505*** | (6) -1.201 | (6) 0.312 | (6) -1.513 | ||
(7) -0.420***/0.537*** | (7) -1.258 | (7) 0.351 | (7) -1.609 | ||
Proportion of employed in the source cohort | 0.056 (5.6%-points) | (4) -19.142*/none | (4) -1.072 | - | - |
(5) -17.305**/-5.890 | (5) -0.969 | (5) -1.299 | (5) 0.330 | ||
(6) -18.296**/-4.262 | (6) -1.025 | (6) -1.263 | (6) 0.238 | ||
(7) -18.679**/-3.813 | (7) -1.046 | (7) -1.260 | (7) 0.214 | ||
Social expenditures/GDP in the destination country | 0.033 (3.3%-points) | (4) 12.829***/none | (4) 0.423 | - | - |
(5) 5.897/-5.147 | (5) 0.195 | (5) 0.025 | (5) 0.170 | ||
Net replacement rate in % in the destination country | 0.181 (18.1%-points) | (6) 2.770/-2.668 | (6) 0.501 | (6) -0.018 | (6) 0.519 |
Annual replacement income in 10,000 Euro in destination | 0.580 (5800 Euro) | (7) 1.546/-1.925 | (7) 0.897 | (7) -0.220 | (7) 1.117 |