What active labour market programmes work for immigrants in Europe? A meta-analysis of the evaluation literature

Table 3 Distribution of the estimated programme effects in the estimation sample

	Estimated effect is
	Significantly negative	Insignificant	Significantly positive
1) ALMP type
a) Training	5	14	11
b) Wage subsidy	2	4	10
c) Public works	5	15	3
d) Services/Sanctions	0	9	8
e) Other programmes	1	6	0
f) Migrant-specific programme	0	4	2
g) General programme	13	44	30
2) Method employed
a) Matching	4	38	13
b) Duration	8	6	15
c) Other method	1	4	4
3) Time evaluated programme ran
a) 1980s	0	0	2
b) 1990s	9	11	11
c) 2000s	4	37	19
4) Programme duration
a) Up to 4 months	2	10	13
b) 5 or more months	5	14	1
c) Mixed/unknown	6	24	18
5) Publication status
a) Working paper	11	35	19
b) Published	2	13	13
Number of estimates	13	48	32

Remarks: The table displays absolute numbers. The numbers relate to short-run estimates, which are defined as effect estimates based on outcomes observed up to two years after programme start. Where there are more than one such short-term estimates, the latest (most long-term) one is sampled.