From: Are migrants in large cities underpaid? Evidence from Vietnam
Variable | Both Hanoi and HCMC | Hanoi | HCMC | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
People with registration book | People without registration book | People without registration book and migrating since 2008 | People with registration book | People without registration book | People without registration book and migrating since 2008 | People with registration book | People without registration book | People without registration book and migrating since 2008 | |
Basic demography | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | 34.82 | 28.32 | 26.00 | 35.90 | 29.63 | 29.49 | 34.18 | 27.87 | 24.15 |
% male | 54.75 | 49.07 | 48.70 | 55.13 | 39.28 | 29.47 | 54.52 | 52.40 | 58.88 |
% never married | 29.44 | 51.96 | 64.79 | 20.65 | 49.49 | 51.51 | 34.75 | 52.80 | 71.82 |
% living in urban areas | 74.85 | 77.49 | 73.98 | 64.06 | 69.27 | 72.63 | 81.36 | 80.29 | 74.69 |
Proportion of workers by education degree (in percent) | |||||||||
No degree | 4.68 | 8.98 | 8.59 | 0.61 | 3.95 | 5.33 | 7.13 | 10.70 | 10.31 |
Primary | 9.72 | 21.06 | 25.34 | 1.96 | 11.23 | 16.36 | 14.40 | 24.40 | 30.10 |
Lower secondary | 21.84 | 33.24 | 37.19 | 17.15 | 30.23 | 40.76 | 24.68 | 34.26 | 35.31 |
Upper secondary | 29.77 | 25.09 | 24.34 | 36.56 | 36.20 | 30.87 | 25.68 | 21.31 | 20.88 |
Post secondary | 33.99 | 11.63 | 4.54 | 43.72 | 18.39 | 6.68 | 28.11 | 9.33 | 3.40 |
Household composition | |||||||||
Household size | 4.36 | 2.13 | 1.63 | 4.39 | 1.76 | 1.20 | 4.34 | 2.25 | 1.85 |
Percentage of children under 15 in household | 19.35 | 7.53 | 2.92 | 20.90 | 5.84 | 2.25 | 18.42 | 8.11 | 3.28 |
Percentage of people above 60 in household | 7.96 | 1.15 | 0.10 | 8.75 | 1.57 | 0.28 | 7.48 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Proportion of workers who live in (in percent) | |||||||||
Dormitory | 2.46 | 56.76 | 65.73 | 0.43 | 55.01 | 66.75 | 3.68 | 57.36 | 65.19 |
House with concrete roof | 41.65 | 18.77 | 17.58 | 71.84 | 31.07 | 24.15 | 23.44 | 14.59 | 14.10 |
House with flush toilet | 92.06 | 81.16 | 72.93 | 91.38 | 70.70 | 53.15 | 92.47 | 84.71 | 83.40 |
House with tap water | 67.71 | 35.96 | 31.47 | 75.43 | 53.17 | 36.42 | 63.05 | 30.10 | 28.84 |
Number of observations | 2008 | 1770 | 566 | 1122 | 777 | 294 | 886 | 993 | 272 |