Payments for ecological restoration and internal migration in China: the sloping land conversion program in Ningxia

Table 1 Key literature findings on the impact of the SLCP on labor migration

Reference	Studied zone	Year of investigation	Data	Method	Key findings on labor migration
Uchida et al. (2007 )	Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu	2003	1999, 2002; 359 households	Household level PSM / DD	No significant program impact on change in labor allocation into off-farm work or migration.
Uchida et al. (2009 )	Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu	2003 & 2005	1999, 2002, 2004; 270 households	Individual level DD / matching	Participating households more likely to shift to off-farm labor, thanks to liquidity constraint relaxation. Stronger impact for young and educated individuals.
Groom et al. (2010 )	Ningxia, Guizhou	2004	1999, 2003; 286 households	Household level Switching regression & DD	Heterogeneous impact across households / A positive program impact on labor reallocation towards local off-farm work, but a negative impact on migration.
Yao et al. (2010 )	Shaanxi, Gansu	2007	1999, 2006 600 households	Household level DD	Significant positive impact of program participation on the transfer of farming labor to off-farm activities.