|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
---|
|
Treatment
|
Duration
|
Area
|
Intensity
|
---|
Year
|
-0.0641*** (-4.78)
|
-0.0468*** (-3.62)
|
0.0169 (1.53)
|
-0.0168 (-1.41)
|
Treatment
|
-0.0474*** (-3.11)
| | | |
Year x Treatment
|
0.175*** (10.40)
| | | |
Duration
| |
-0.00943*** (-2.89)
| | |
Year x Duration
| |
0.0344*** (9.48)
| | |
Area
| | |
-0.000902** (-2.37)
| |
Year x Area
| | |
0.00192*** (4.60)
| |
Intensity
| | | |
-0.0825*** (-3.46)
|
Year x Intensity
| | | |
0.207*** (8.06)
|
Gender (male)
|
0.248*** (21.72)
|
0.248*** (21.75)
|
0.248*** (21.63)
|
0.248*** (21.69)
|
Age (years)
|
0.0306*** (10.15)
|
0.0307*** (10.17)
|
0.0307*** (10.13)
|
0.0306*** (10.13)
|
Age squared
|
-0.000530*** (-12.41)
|
-0.000531*** (-12.42)
|
-0.000530*** (-12.36)
|
-0.000530*** (-12.38)
|
Married
|
-0.00445 (-0.18)
|
-0.00572 (-0.23)
|
-0.00674 (-0.28)
|
-0.00504 (-0.21)
|
Hui nationality
|
0.0175 (1.35)
|
0.0170 (1.32)
|
0.0144 (1.10)
|
0.0143 (1.10)
|
Primary education & below
|
0.0337 (1.51)
|
0.0344 (1.54)
|
0.0325 (1.44)
|
0.0343 (1.53)
|
Junior middle school
|
0.132*** (6.23)
|
0.133*** (6.26)
|
0.133*** (6.27)
|
0.134*** (6.29)
|
Number of children under 15
|
-0.0117** (-2.08)
|
-0.0118** (-2.08)
|
-0.0110* (-1.91)
|
-0.0111* (-1.95)
|
Number of elderly
|
-0.0323** (-2.13)
|
-0.0324** (-2.15)
|
-0.0342** (-2.23)
|
-0.0327** (-2.13)
|
Number of adults
|
0.0183*** (2.91)
|
0.0184*** (2.91)
|
0.0192*** (3.02)
|
0.0194*** (3.05)
|
Land per adult
|
-0.000644* (-1.71)
|
-0.000723* (-1.90)
|
-0.000961** (-2.50)
|
-0.000841** (-2.20)
|
% of migrants in the village labor force
|
0.00648*** (9.58)
|
0.00640*** (9.45)
|
0.00608*** (8.77)
|
0.00616*** (9.06)
|
Lowest distance to the county center
|
-0.000456* (-1.74)
|
-0.000428 (-1.63)
|
-0.000294 (-1.14)
|
-0.000342 (-1.30)
|
Constant
|
-0.457*** (-9.13)
|
-0.460*** (-9.22)
|
-0.470*** (-9.36)
|
-0.461*** (-9.17)
|
N
|
5,316
|
5,316
|
5,308
|
5,316
|
R
2
|
0.221
|
0.219
|
0.211
|
0.215
|
-
Source: Survey data collected by Beijing Normal University and Hitotsubashi University in 2009.
-
Notes: The following explanatory variables are measured at baseline (2002): age, age squared, number of children under 15, number of elderly, number of adults, land per adult and percentage of migrants in the village labor force. Robust standard errors are adjusted for clustering by households. t statistics in parentheses.*: Significant at 10%. **: significant at 5%. ***: significant at 1%.