Table 3 Mechanisms

1.47∗∗

1.60∗∗

1.23∗∗

3.62∗∗

4.07∗∗

2.94∗∗

1.77

1.59

1.22

(0.72)[9.1]

(0.80)[9.1]

(0.59)[9.1]

(1.81)[9.7]

(2.11)[9.7]

(1.41)[9.7]

(1.10)[9.3]

(0.98)[9.3]

(0.75)[9.3]

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.85∗∗∗

0.82∗∗∗

0.75∗∗∗

0.08

0.08

0.07

(0.20)[11.9]

(0.20)[11.9]

(0.17)[11.9]

(0.33)[10.3]

(0.31)[10.3]

(0.27)[10.3]

(0.27)[10.6]

(0.26)[10.6]

(0.24)[10.6]

5.63

9.77

3.8

4.12

5.8

2.9

12.11

8.86

4.54

(7.76)[9.1]

(10.74)[9.1]

(4.13)[9.1]

(11.14)[12.2]

(21.30)[12.2]

(4.68)[12.2]

(9.75)[11.7]

(6.60)[11.7]

(3.17)[11.7]

SELECTION RATE

SKILLED MIGRATION

UNSKILLED MIGRATION

FE

IV

FE

IV

GMM

FE

IV

GMM

1.93∗∗

4.14∗∗∗

3.18∗∗

9.12∗∗∗

7.44∗∗∗

-0.53

3.30∗

4.39

(1.01)

(1.32)[39.2]

(1.34)

(2.92)[58.4]

(3.08)[64.6]

(1.27)

(1.96)[44.2]

(3.03)[52.3]

0.94

3.94∗

5.57∗∗∗

8.12∗∗

8.98∗∗

3.02

2.62

4.09

(0.97)

(2.18)[31.2]

(1.88)

(4.08)[20.5]

(4.20)[64.5]

(3.03)

(1.84)[29.1]

(2.67)[55.7]

0.25

1.62∗∗

0.38

3.50∗∗∗

1.12

0.5

1.75∗

2.28

(0.64)

(0.82)[49.9]

(0.94)

(1.30)[37.5]

(1.95)[60.1]

(1.07)

(1.05)[39.9]

(1.76)[63.2]

-0.09

0.99∗∗

0.97∗∗∗

2.99∗∗

-0.24

0.28

-0.89

1.36

(0.24)

(0.47)[36.7]

(0.36)

(1.38)[60.8]

(0.96)[52.1]

(0.57)

(0.90)[32.6]

(0.89)[37.2]

-0.06

1.58∗∗∗

0.70∗

3.62∗∗∗

0.87

0.31

1.28∗

1.43∗

(0.21)

(0.58)[38.6]

(0.37)

(1.33)[24.8]

(0.73)[64.7]

(0.48)

(0.78)[37.8]

(0.81)[47.4]