Table 2 Description of how the data has been designed

First-generation immigrant

All first-generation immigrants gainfully employed or self-employed in Sweden 1970

Native matched individual

Native individuals with the same age, gender, county of residence and occupational status as their foreign born counterparts by the year 1970

Second-generation immigrant

Children of foreign born fathers

Native comparison group

Children with both parents born in Sweden

Birth year for foreign born fathers and native comparison group

1916-1955

Birth year for second-generation immigrants and native comparison groups

1935-1977

Fathers earnings observed

1975, 1980

Sons earnings observed

1997, 1998, 1999

Earnings definition

All fathers with positive earnings in 1975 and 1980

All sons with positive earnings in 1997, 1998 and 1999