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Table 3 Quality adjustment indices and over-education rates by country of origin

From: The earnings of immigrants and the quality adjustment of immigrant human capital

Country

Quality adjustment index

Over-education prevalence

Before Adjustment

After Adjustment

Algeria

1.185

80.05

94.4

Argentina

0.869

63.06

35.52

Australia

1.042

61.85

79.28

Austria

0.815

62.65

35.34

Bangladesh

0.898

74.73

63.71

Barbados

0.761

47.29

14.33

Belarus

0.668

72.65

10.86

Belgium

1.146

62.62

90.73

Bosnia and Herzegovina

0.756

54.61

20.72

Brazil

0.746

63.95

18.65

Bulgaria

0.807

71.1

41.45

Canada

1.000

43.47

43.47

Chile

1.256

67.79

94.39

China

0.955

55.07

54.88

Colombia

0.864

74.24

51.12

Croatia

0.756

50.12

18.15

Cuba

0.803

78.07

48.55

Czech Republic

1.016

72.59

85.52

Czechoslovakia

1.016

64.86

85.61

Denmark

1.173

60.67

83.05

Egypt

0.970

79.41

79.41

Fiji

0.922

38.45

27.97

Finland

0.626

52.31

2.46

France

1.083

65.43

83.23

Germany

0.801

60.36

32.61

Ghana

0.804

66.79

34.51

Greece

0.848

29.88

15.85

Grenada

0.689

44.24

1.42

Guatemala

0.778

46.3

23.36

Guyana

0.814

50.15

22.73

Haiti

0.678

54.29

7.82

Hong Kong

1.241

54.71

90.1

Hungary

1.019

61.63

81.41

India

0.954

58.91

58.59

Indonesia

0.896

73.78

58.46

Iran

0.988

71.5

71.5

Iraq

0.976

59.42

59.42

Ireland

0.800

54.71

19.45

Israel

1.002

54.83

78.31

Italy

0.469

24.27

0

Jamaica

0.790

41.33

11.7

Japan

0.554

67.4

0.69

Korea, South

0.811

69.96

47.73

Malaysia

1.061

60.96

78.78

Malta

0.270

46.58

0

Mexico

0.820

41.42

22.12

Morocco

0.946

71.84

70.93

Netherlands

0.909

65.89

52.1

New Zealand

0.808

57.57

26.38

Nigeria

0.921

81.06

67.45

Norway

0.938

60.54

54.96

Pakistan

0.756

67.13

34.28

Peru

0.709

77.15

28.06

Philippines

0.571

71.25

0.81

Poland

0.653

68.52

5.27

Portugal

0.430

10.75

0

Romania

0.977

64.68

64.68

Russian Federation

0.668

67.2

9.98

Singapore

0.588

62.3

1.48

Slovakia

1.016

73.1

86.98

South Africa

1.274

64.54

97.24

Spain

0.670

54.71

7.52

Sri Lanka

1.019

52.46

72.74

Sudan

0.588

69.43

3.44

Sweden

0.960

64.92

64.92

Switzerland

1.634

68.19

98.97

Syria

0.443

62.75

0.35

Taiwan

0.908

65.79

54.13

Trinidad and Tobago

0.950

55.33

55.12

Turkey

0.976

44.6

44.6

U.S.S.R

0.661

68.51

11.80

UK

0.917

58.03

44.52

Ukraine

0.661

73.51

9.22

USA

0.875

58.16

40.03

Venezuela

0.635

74.09

4.88

Yugoslavia

0.756

57.13

21.79

  1. Source: Author’s calculations based on data from Canadian 2001 census. All results are weighted using the sampling weights available in the census.