Crime and immigration: new evidence from England and Wales

Table 4 Changes in crime and immigration

		Dependent variable: change in crime rate
	Annual Population Survey, 2004/5-2010/11
	OLS	IV Aggregate	IV A8 and Non-A8	OLS	IV Aggregate	IV A8 and Non-A8
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
A. England and Wales
Change in immigrant share	-0.069 (0.043)	0.005 (0.078)	0.003 (0.077)	-0.051 (0.035)	0.007 (0.078)	0.000 (0.078)
Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Police force area fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sample size	347	347	347	347	347	347
B. London
Change in immigrant share	0.042 (0.077)	0.100 (0.090)	0.099 (0.091)	0.092 (0.059)	0.120 (0.088)	0.108 (0.093)
Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Police force area fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sample size	33	33	33	33	33	33

Notes: Weighted by population. Second stage estimates using first stages of Table 2 and Table 3. Controls are: population growth, the change in the unemployment rate, the change in the share of males aged 15–39 and a dummy variable for the 33 London boroughs. Robust standard errors in parentheses.