Bridges or buffers? Motives behind Immigrants’ Religiosity

Table 4 Attendance at religious services and prayer in Europe and the US (2002-2010)

Variables	Attendance at religious services	Attendance at religious services	Frequency of prayer	Frequency of prayer
Variables	EUROPE	US	EUROPE	US
Immigrant var.
First generation	0.272***	0.342***	0.646***	−0.133**
Second generation	0.166*	−0.072	0.353**	−0.109
Socio-economic vars.
Age (years)
30 and under	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
31 to 45	0.110***	0.037	0.225***	0.198***
46 to 59	0.220***	0.144	0.471***	0.364***
60 and over	0.501***	0.605***	1.033***	0.360***
Education (years completed)
Less than 6	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
7 to 12	-0.141**	-0.236	-0.253***	-0.186*
13 to 16	−0.088	0.209	−0.259***	−0.069
17 and over	0.027	0.703***	−0.095	−0.027
Female	0.302***	0.559***	0.971***	0.704***
Members in household	0.070***	0.061**	0.086***	0.012
Marital status
Single	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
Married	0.126***	0.663***	0.175***	0.210***
Divorced	−0.127***	−0.133	0.083*	0.082
Widowed	0.143***	0.620***	0.533***	0.256***
Low income	−0.006	−0.220	0.200***	0.150**
Employment status
Retired/student/home	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
Employee	-0.251***	0.049	-0.237***	-0.146***
Self-employed	−0.177**	−0.085	−0.135*	−0.099
Unemployed	−0.115***	−0.246	−0.125**	−0.107
Religion var.
Catholic	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
Protestant:	−0.321**		−0.425
Black		−0.173*		0.074
Evangelical		0.705***		0.358***
Mainline		−0.461***		−0.311***
Orthodox	−0.431*	−0.850*	−0.407	−0.556*
Other Christian	0.725***	0.070	0.986***	0.346***
Jewish	−0.400**	−1.594***	−0.292	−1.313***
Moslem	−0.162	0.556	0.333	0.771**
Country dummies	Yes	-	Yes	-
Wave dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sample size	107,361	6,547	107,361	6,547
R-squared	0.183	0.079	0.190	0.124