Do high-skill immigrants raise productivity? Evidence from Israeli manufacturing firms, 1990-1999

Table 4 Firm characteristics, by technological intensity

	Low-tech			Medium-low tech			Medium-high tech			High-tech
	1990	1993	1997	1990	1993	1997	1990	1993	1997	1990	1993	1997
Number of firms	990	1,061	832	629	703	655	305	324	284	152	166	179
Total Employment	129,215	145,976	137,841	74,353	91,446	109,470	51,030	48,904	49,768	40,018	46,916	56,555
Average years of Schooling	10.63	11.01	11.68	11.37	11.82	12.27	11.81	12.53	12.62	13.27	14.00	14.26
Percentage Scientists	-	0.53%	1.27%	-	2.43%	3.51%	-	6.45%	8.15%	-	23.43%	31.99%
Percentage of firms doing R&D	-	0.59%	0.04%	-	0.96%	0.54%	-	4.46%	4.26%	-	16.05%	21.03%

Note: Author’s calculations from the 1990-1999 Manufacturing Surveys, Labor Force Composition Surveys, and Labor Force Surveys. For the classification of industries by technological intensity, see Table 14 in Appendix.