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Table 3 Impact of diversity on satisfaction with life overall, instrumental variables

From: Cultural diversity and subjective well-being

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Country of birth (not UK)

Country of birth

Ethnicity

Religion

White British (N = 22,725)

    

Proportion of white British

0.294***

   
 

(0.064)

   

Fractionalisation by …

-0.044

-0.352***

-0.215***

-0.318**

 

(0.186)

(0.065)

(0.051)

(0.144)

First stage regressions for Prop white British

    

Proportion of white British (by county)

0.098***

   

Proportion of white British 2001

1.187***

   

Fractionalisation by … (by county)

0.147**

   

Fractionalisation by … 2001

-0.109**

   

First stage regressions for Fractionalisation

    

Proportion of white British (by county)

0.007

   

Proportion of white British 2001

0.090***

   

Fractionalisation by … (by county/region)a

0.389***

0.128***

0.120***

-0.067***

Fractionalisation by … 2001

0.621***

1.068***

1.053***

0.854***

Weak identification test (Kleibergen-Paap)

6694

61993

69434

90807

Hansen J test for over-identifying restrictions

1.577

0.577

2.446

10.072

Hansen J test P-value

0.455

0.447

0.118

0.001

Non-White British – Second Generation (N = 2,188)

    

Proportion of white British

0.080

   
 

(0.146)

   

Fractionalisation by …

0.200

-0.047

-0.136

-0.027

 

(0.472)

(0.159)

(0.142)

(0.346)

First stage regressions for Prop white British

    

Proportion of white British (by county)

0.142***

   

Proportion of white British 2001

1.038***

   

Fractionalisation by … (by county)

0.244***

   

Fractionalisation by … 2001

-0.108*

   

First stage regressions for fractionalisation

    

Proportion of white British (by county)

-0.007

   

Proportion of white British 2001

0.132***

   

Fractionalisation by … (by county/region)a

0.246*

0.180***

0.169***

-0.111***

Fractionalisation by … 2001

0.670***

0.887***

0.806***

0.779***

Weak identification test (Kleibergen-Paap)

1745

19137

10146

11120

Hansen J test for over-identifying restrictions

9.118

2.087

1.931

0.005

Hansen J test P-value

0.010

0.148

0.165

0.944

Foreign born – Immigrants (N = 5,571)

    

Proportion of white British

0.066

   
 

(0.094)

   

Fractionalisation by …

0.489

-0.046

-0.071

-0.274

 

(0.400)

(0.105)

(0.086)

(0.233)

First stage regressions for Prop white British

    

Proportion of white British (by county)

0.155***

   

Proportion of white British 2001

1.031***

   

Fractionalisation by … (by county)

0.270***

   

Fractionalisation by … 2001

-0.126**

   

First stage regressions for fractionalisation

    

Proportion of white British (by county)

0.004

   

Proportion of white British 2001

0.124***

   

Fractionalisation by … (by county/region)a

0.344***

0.196***

0.211***

-0.099***

Fractionalisation by … 2001

0.609***

0.875***

0.790***

0.784***

Weak identification test (Kleibergen-Paap)

2371

62611

42248

39841

Hansen J test for over-identifying restrictions

5.910

1.301

0.102

1.657

Hansen J test P-value

0.052

0.254

0.750

0.198

  1. Standard errors in parenthesis are clustered by district; other covariates included in the model: six dummies for satisfaction with health; dummies for female, married/cohabiting; presence of children aged 0–4, 5–11 and 12–15; six ethnic groups (where applicable); having a degree; whether employed; whether unemployed; equivalised household income; age and its square; dummy for rural area; index of multiple deprivation (average by district). aThe instrument is the measure of diversity at county level (NUTS2) for religion, and at the Government Office Region level (NUTS1) for country of birth and ethnicity.
  2. *Significant at 5%, **Significant at 5%, ***Significant at 1%.
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