Variables | Canadian born (1) | Model 1 (no difference in quality) | Model 2 (Model 1 + country of birth schooling + country of birth work experience + country of birth fixed effects) | Model 3 (Model 2 + direct effect of q) | Model 4 (Model 3 + interaction effects of q) | Model 5 (Model 4 + occupation and industry indicators) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immigrants (2) | (2) - (1) | Immigrants (3) | (3) - (1) | Immigrants (4) | (4) - (1) | Immigrants (5) | (5) - (1) | |||
α 1 (S) | 0.080 (258) | 0.066 (108) | -0.013 (19.) | 0.068 (96.) | -0.012 (15.) | 0.068 (51.) | -0.012 (8.8) | 0.070 (61.) | -0.010 (8.5) | 0.049 (51.) |
θ 1 (q I ) |  |  |  |  |  | 0.042 (6.8) |  | -0.005 (0.7) |  | -0.014 (2.2) |
θ 2 (s f ) |  |  |  | -0.001 (1.1) |  | -.0003 (0.3) |  | -0.001 (0.7) |  | .0005 (0.6) |
θ 3 (s f q s ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.002 (5.7) |  | 0.003 (8.0) |
θ 4 (s f f dip ) |  |  |  | -0.004 (12.) |  | -0.004 (9.6) |  | 0.002 (4.1) |  | 0.002 (4.6) |
θ 5 (s f f dip q s ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.004 (12.) |  | 0.003 (11.) |
β 1 (X) | 0.049 (184) | 0.035 (52.) | -0.015 (21.) | 0.044 (61.) | -0.006 (7.2) | 0.044 (36.) | -0.005 (6.8) | 0.045 (43.) | -0.004 (6.3) | 0.044 (50.) |
β 2 (X 2 ) | -0.078 (131) | -0.048 (36.) | 0.030 (21.) | -0.072 (44.) | 0.006 (3.5) | -0.073 (24.) | 0.005 (3.1) | -0.074 (29.) | 0.005 (2.8) | -0.071 (34.) |
θ 6 (x f ) |  |  |  | -0.025 (28.) |  | -0.026 (14.) |  | -0.014 (5.7) |  | -0.015 (7.2) |
θ 7 (Xx f ) |  |  |  | 0.075 (22.) |  | 0.078 (10.) |  | 0.047 (5.7) |  | 0.048 (7.2) |
θ 8 (x f 2 ) |  |  |  | -0.044 (15.) |  | -0.047 (10.) |  | -0.039 (5.6) |  | -0.033 (5.7) |
θ 9 (x f q x ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.006 (5.0) |  | 0.005 (5.1) |
θ 10 (Xx f q x ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | -0.011 (2.9) |  | -0.012 (4.2) |
θ 11 (x f 2 q x ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.008 (1.5) |  | 0.011 (2.8) |
θ 12 (x f 2 q x 2 ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.003 (2.9) |  | 0.003 (3.0) |
n | 588,045 | 136,545 | 136,545 | 136,545 | 136,545 | 136,545 | ||||
R 2 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.38 |