Overeducation among immigrants in Sweden: incidence, wage effects and state dependence

Table 2 Probability of being over- and undereducated estimated with a multinomial logit model, relative risk ratios

	Men		Women
Base outcome: correctly matched	Over-educated	Under-educated	Over-educated	Under-educated
Sweden	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Other Nordic countries	2.273***	2.819***	2.342***	2.509***
	(0.021)	(0.029)	(0.019)	(0.024)
EU15	2.409***	3.469***	2.288***	3.595***
	(0.024)	(0.039)	(0.025)	(0.046)
Rest of Europe	3.837***	1.765***	3.785***	1.825***
	(0.026)	(0.014)	(0.024)	(0.014)
Africa	4.597***	1.859***	3.528***	2.232***
	(0.050)	(0.023)	(0.043)	(0.029)
North America	3.086***	3.537***	2.761***	3.359***
	(0.052)	(0.071)	(0.047)	(0.070)
South America	3.459***	1.716***	3.355***	1.999***
	(0.039)	(0.022)	(0.036)	(0.024)
Asia	3.454***	2.324***	3.493***	2.602***
	(0.025)	(0.019)	(0.025)	(0.021)
Oceania	3.262***	4.862***	2.497***	4.000***
	(0.135)	(0.231)	(0.125)	(0.230)
Soviet union	2.189***	3.964***	3.149***	2.409***
	(0.098)	(0.229)	(0.086)	(0.092)
Years since migration/10^a	0.758***	0.702***	0.777***	0.759***
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Age	0.641***	0.866***	0.785***	0.972***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Age squared/100	1.649***	1.197***	1.277***	1.062***
	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Number of children	0.982***	0.982***	1.000	0.930***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Married	0.974***	1.262***	0.895***	1.035***
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Years of schooling	1.533***	0.480***	1.357***	0.536***
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)
Firm size/1000	0.954***	1.048***	0.958***	1.069***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
N	9,921,204	9,921,204	10,058,041	10,058,041

Note: ^aYear since migration is set to zero for all workers born in Sweden.
The models also include controls for sector (five categories), industry (11 categories), county (21) and year dummies. Robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.