Overeducation among immigrants in Sweden: incidence, wage effects and state dependence

Table 3 Sample means for natives and immigrants in 2008

	Men			Women
	Natives	Western immigrants	Non-Western immigrants	Natives	Western immigrants	Non-Western immigrants
Years of schooling (std.dev)	12.3	12.5	12.2	12.9	12.8	12.4
	(2.3)	(3.0)	(2.8)	(2.2)	(2.7)	(2.9)
Level of education
Primary school less than 9 years	0.8	4.0	7.1	0.3	2.6	9.1
Primary school 9 (10) years	10.9	12.0	9.4	6.1	8.2	7.2
Upper secondary 2 years or less	30.2	28.6	24.5	25.1	26.7	21.4
Upper secondary more than 2 years	22.0	13.6	21.6	21.4	14.5	20.0
Higher education less than 3 years	15.0	13.0	14.3	16.2	14.2	13.2
Higher education 3 years or more	19.8	24.3	20.8	30.0	31.1	27.5
Post graduate education	1.4	4.4	2.2	0.8	2.6	1.5
Years of (using the mean +/− 1 st.dev):
Undereducation	0.14	0.23	0.24	0.10	0.17	0.26
Required education	12.46	12.62	12.02	12.79	12.83	12.16
Overeducation	0.13	0.25	0.38	0.13	0.21	0.35
Years of (using the mode):
Undereducation	0.69	0.85	0.76	0.55	0.70	0.69
Required education	12.41	12.59	11.56	12.82	12.82	11.96
Overeducation	0.62	0.80	1.08	0.59	0.72	1.08
Number of observations	1,265,344	54,591	125,621	1,165,324	59,470	133,242