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Table 9 State dependence in overeducation, men

From: Overeducation among immigrants in Sweden: incidence, wage effects and state dependence

 

Random effects probit, 2002 − 2008

 

Natives

Western immigrants

Non-Western immigrants

 

III

I

II

III

I

II

III

Overeducation t-1

3.193***

3.381***

3.381***

3.377***

3.596***

3.595***

3.619***

 

(0.004)

(0.012)

(0.012)

(0.021)

(0.010)

(0.010)

(0.018)

Job change

0.091***

0.033**

0.032**

0.108***

−0.088***

−0.089***

0.002

 

(0.004)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.023)

(0.013)

(0.013)

(0.019)

Region of birth

-

-

Yes

Yes

-

Yes

Yes

Occupation

Yes

-

-

Yes

-

-

Yes

Number of observations

4,800,915

194,683

292,424

Number of individuals

708,673

28,759

43,664

lnsig2u

−0.303***

−13.737***

−13.739***

−0.351***

−14.209***

−14.210***

−0.342***

 

(0.010)

(3.870)

(3.874)

(0.054)

(3.650)

(3.659)

(0.044)

 

Random effects probit, 2002–2008 – Wooldridge estimator with Mundlak correction

 

Natives

Western immigrants

Non-Western immigrants

 

III

I

II

III

I

II

III

Overeducation t-1

2.130***

2.604***

2.603***

2.227***

2.760***

2.761***

2.391***

 

(0.005)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.029)

(0.023)

(0.023)

(0.024)

Overeducation t = 0

2.703***

1.422***

1.422***

2.884***

1.577***

1.571***

2.699***

 

(0.013)

(0.052)

(0.052)

(0.074)

(0.052)

(0.051)

(0.059)

Job change

0.110***

0.046**

0.045**

0.119***

−0.086***

−0.087***

−0.010

 

(0.005)

(0.019)

(0.019)

(0.028)

(0.015)

(0.015)

(0.022)

Region of birth

-

-

Yes

Yes

-

Yes

Yes

Occupation

Yes

-

-

Yes

-

-

Yes

Means over time

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Number of observations

4,800,915

194,942

293,021

Number of individuals

708,673

28,762

43,670

lnsig2u

0.7092

−0.722***

−0.721***

0.984***

0.3323

−0.704***

0.6855

 

(0.0016)

(0.069)

(0.069)

(0.041)

(0.0139)

(0.063)

(0.0074)

  1. Note: The random effects probit models also include controls for: age, age squared, number of children, marriage, years of schooling and years since migration for immigrants, sector (five categories), county (21 categories), birth region for immigrants (six categories), and occupation (nine categories).
  2. The random effects probit models using the Wooldridge estimator and Mundlak corrections include means over time for age, age squared, number of children, years of schooling and years since migration. Standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.
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