Migration, risk attitudes, and entrepreneurship: evidence from a representative immigrant survey

Table 4 Probit results: unadjusted risk measure

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Probit	Probit	Probit
Medium risk	-0.004	0.001	-0.005
	(0.022)	(0.015)	(0.014)
High risk	0.011	0.012	0.006
	(0.024)	(0.020)	(0.018)
Age		0.005	0.005
		(0.005)	(0.005)
Age²		-0.000	-0.000
		(0.000)	(0.000)
Proficient English		0.012	0.014
		(0.011)	(0.011)
Years of schooling		0.001	-0.000
		(0.003)	(0.003)
Married		0.019	0.022
		(0.014)	(0.014)
Female		-0.031^*	-0.034^**
		(0.016)	(0.016)
Pre-migration entrepreneurial experience		0.102^***	0.095^***
		(0.018)	(0.013)
Years in Ireland		-0.010	-0.003
		(0.008)	(0.010)
Years in Ireland²		0.001^**	0.001
		(0.001)	(0.001)
Migrant Enclave		0.001^*	0.002^**
		(0.001)	(0.001)
Industry dummies	No	Yes	Yes
Region dummies	No	No	Yes
Observations	1495	1326	1326
Pseudo R²	0.001	0.152	0.181

Standard errors in parentheses, clustered by country of birth.
*p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Note: Probit marginal effects estimated at the average. The standard errors in parentheses are robust and clustered by country of birth. Dependent variable is `Being Entrepreneur'. `Medium Risk Loving' is a binary variable taking value 1 for individuals with values 3, 4, 5'. High Risk Loving' is a binary variable taking value 1 for individuals with values 6 and 7. The omitted category is `Low Risk Loving', a binary variable taking value 1 for individuals with values 1 and 2. `Pre-Migration Entrepreneurial Experience' is a binary variable taking value 1 when individuals have any self-employment experience in the country of origin. Industry dummies include: transport, construction sector, IT, finance, commerce, education, student, and health. The omitted category is other services. Region dummies include Africa, Asia, Europe New Member States, Rest of EU and South America. The omitted category is North America.