From: International knowledge flows and technological advance: the role of migration
Variable | Source | Definition/Description |
---|---|---|
Employment-Based Immigration | US Department of Homeland Security – Annual Statistical Yearbook | Immigrants (in thousands) allowed into the US for specific, industry-based purposes, including spouses and children in given year. |
Total Immigration | US Department of Homeland Security – Annual Statistical Yearbook | Immigrants (in thousands) allowed into the US in given year. |
Stock of Immigrants | OECD Statistics http://stats.oecd.org/ | Stock of foreign-born population (in thousands) by country of birth |
Stock of Foreign Labor | OECD Statistics http://stats.oecd.org/ | Stock of foreign-born labour force (in thousdands) by country of birth |
GDP | World Bank http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD | “GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.” Note: GDP for Australia in 2010 was missing and, but found at the IMF website: http://elibrary-data.imf.org/DataReport.aspx?c=1449311&d=33060&e=161838 |
Trade | U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/ | Imports of US goods from sample countries plus exports to US in millions of dollars. Values are not seasonally adjusted. |
Patent Stock Agriculture | Sum of total patents and patent applications from class A01 of the international patent classification (IPC) scheme. This class includes agriculture; forestry; animal husbandry; hunting; trapping; fishing. | |
Education | World Bank http://data.worldbank.org | Percentage of the student aged population enrolled in tertiary education in country j at time t |
Inward FDI | Bureau of Economic Analysis http://www.bea.gov/iTable/index_MNC.cfm | Foreign Direct Investment in the US from abroad in millions of US Dollars, by country |
Outward FDI | Bureau of Economic Analysis http://www.bea.gov/iTable/index_MNC.cfm | US Direct Investment abroad in Millions of US Dollars, by country |