From: Remittances, school quality, and household education expenditures in Nepal
 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OLS | IV | OLS | IV | OLS | IV |
Remittance income | 0.002 | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.095*** | −0.023 | −0.217 |
 | (1.52) | (1.46) | (1.62) | (3.72) | (−1.62) | (−1.47) |
SLC pass rate* | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0005* | 0.004** |
Remittance | Â | Â | Â | Â | (1.68) | (1.99) |
SLC pass rate |  |  | 0.307*** | 0.118** | 0.245*** | −0.230 |
 |  |  | (7.78) | (2.51) | (6.01) | (−1.11) |
Number remitter | 1.180** | 10.316* | 1.229** | −6.462 | 1.134** | 16.302 |
 | (2.27) | (1.83) | (2.37) | (−1.20) | (2.31) | (1.11) |
Urban household | 18.668*** | 17.744*** | 15.699*** | 10.345*** | 15.325*** | 13.083*** |
 | (12.62) | (8.50) | (12.53) | (6.15) | (12.36) | (4.91) |
Share 4 to 7 | 24.555*** | 31.943*** | 23.785*** | 22.401*** | 24.031*** | 35.804*** |
 | (7.38) | (5.81) | (7.22) | (3.68) | (7.23) | (2.75) |
Share 8 to 15 | 33.021*** | 36.987*** | 32.399*** | 31.734*** | 32.922*** | 47.420*** |
 | (13.84) | (7.20) | (13.63) | (5.24) | (13.67) | (3.53) |
Share 16 to 64 | 25.589*** | 27.528*** | 23.300*** | 20.027*** | 23.405*** | 29.641*** |
 | (7.41) | (6.09) | (7.09) | (4.21) | (7.08) | (3.22) |
Share elderly | 10.937*** | 9.324** | 8.891*** | 15.279*** | 9.724*** | 17.657** |
 | (4.72) | (2.27) | (3.85) | (3.00) | (4.15) | (2.13) |
Farm income | −0.003 | 0.002 | −0.003 | 0.000 | −0.003 | −0.000 |
 | (−0.84) | (0.48) | (−0.80) | (0.07) | (−0.76) | (−0.09) |
Enterprise income | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
 | (0.83) | (0.82) | (0.98) | (1.55) | (0.99) | (0.92) |
Wage income | 0.034*** | 0.033*** | 0.031*** | 0.034*** | 0.031*** | 0.042*** |
 | (3.84) | (3.12) | (3.52) | (3.40) | (3.56) | (2.67) |
Married couples | 1.053 | 0.548 | 1.278* | 1.765* | 1.332* | 2.326 |
 | (1.53) | (0.60) | (1.88) | (1.72) | (1.92) | (1.55) |
Home production | −0.165*** | −0.259*** | −0.150*** | −0.044 | −0.141*** | −0.181 |
 | (−3.58) | (−3.58) | (−3.48) | (−0.54) | (−3.29) | (−1.30) |
Constant | −18.245*** | −37.442*** | −33.764*** | −17.168 | −30.846*** | −40.488* |
 | (−6.08) | (−3.41) | (−7.64) | (−1.57) | (−7.42) | (−1.90) |
Observations | 3,178 | 3,178 | 3,178 | 3,178 | 3,178 | 3,178 |
Hansen’s J |  | 3.043 |  | 7.773 |  | 2.463 |
p-value | Â | 0.218 | Â | 0.0205 | Â | 0.117 |
First stage F | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Remittance income |  | 4.552 |  | 5.920 |  | 5.920 |
 Number remitter |  | 6.085 |  | 6.697 |  | 6.697 |
 SLC*Remittance |  |  |  |  |  | 6.828 |