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Table 3 Education spending as a function of remittance income and school quality

From: Remittances, school quality, and household education expenditures in Nepal

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Variables

OLS

IV

OLS

IV

OLS

IV

Remittance income

0.002

0.033

0.002

0.095***

−0.023

−0.217

 

(1.52)

(1.46)

(1.62)

(3.72)

(−1.62)

(−1.47)

SLC pass rate*

    

0.0005*

0.004**

Remittance

    

(1.68)

(1.99)

SLC pass rate

  

0.307***

0.118**

0.245***

−0.230

   

(7.78)

(2.51)

(6.01)

(−1.11)

Number remitter

1.180**

10.316*

1.229**

−6.462

1.134**

16.302

 

(2.27)

(1.83)

(2.37)

(−1.20)

(2.31)

(1.11)

Urban household

18.668***

17.744***

15.699***

10.345***

15.325***

13.083***

 

(12.62)

(8.50)

(12.53)

(6.15)

(12.36)

(4.91)

Share 4 to 7

24.555***

31.943***

23.785***

22.401***

24.031***

35.804***

 

(7.38)

(5.81)

(7.22)

(3.68)

(7.23)

(2.75)

Share 8 to 15

33.021***

36.987***

32.399***

31.734***

32.922***

47.420***

 

(13.84)

(7.20)

(13.63)

(5.24)

(13.67)

(3.53)

Share 16 to 64

25.589***

27.528***

23.300***

20.027***

23.405***

29.641***

 

(7.41)

(6.09)

(7.09)

(4.21)

(7.08)

(3.22)

Share elderly

10.937***

9.324**

8.891***

15.279***

9.724***

17.657**

 

(4.72)

(2.27)

(3.85)

(3.00)

(4.15)

(2.13)

Farm income

−0.003

0.002

−0.003

0.000

−0.003

−0.000

 

(−0.84)

(0.48)

(−0.80)

(0.07)

(−0.76)

(−0.09)

Enterprise income

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

 

(0.83)

(0.82)

(0.98)

(1.55)

(0.99)

(0.92)

Wage income

0.034***

0.033***

0.031***

0.034***

0.031***

0.042***

 

(3.84)

(3.12)

(3.52)

(3.40)

(3.56)

(2.67)

Married couples

1.053

0.548

1.278*

1.765*

1.332*

2.326

 

(1.53)

(0.60)

(1.88)

(1.72)

(1.92)

(1.55)

Home production

−0.165***

−0.259***

−0.150***

−0.044

−0.141***

−0.181

 

(−3.58)

(−3.58)

(−3.48)

(−0.54)

(−3.29)

(−1.30)

Constant

−18.245***

−37.442***

−33.764***

−17.168

−30.846***

−40.488*

 

(−6.08)

(−3.41)

(−7.64)

(−1.57)

(−7.42)

(−1.90)

Observations

3,178

3,178

3,178

3,178

3,178

3,178

Hansen’s J

 

3.043

 

7.773

 

2.463

p-value

 

0.218

 

0.0205

 

0.117

First stage F

      

 Remittance income

 

4.552

 

5.920

 

5.920

 Number remitter

 

6.085

 

6.697

 

6.697

 SLC*Remittance

     

6.828

  1. Robust t-statistics in parentheses
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1