Table 5 Education spending as a function of remittance income and school quality, internal vs. external remittance
From: Remittances, school quality, and household education expenditures in Nepal
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OLS | IV | OLS | IV |
| Internal remittance | −0.119* | −0.619*** | ||
| (−1.95) | (−3.04) | |||
| SLC pass rate* | 0.003** | 0.013*** | ||
| Internal remittance | (1.97) | (2.99) | ||
| External remittance | 0.002 | 0.139 | ||
| (0.09) | (0.88) | |||
| SLC pass rate* | 0.0001 | 0.00005 | ||
| External remittance | (0.45) | (0.03) | ||
| SLC pass rate | 0.214*** | −0.231 | 0.292*** | 0.005 |
| (3.81) | (−1.54) | (5.27) | (0.03) | |
| Number remitter | 1.466** | 17.838*** | 1.018 | −8.200 |
| (2.51) | (2.83) | (1.35) | (−0.99) | |
| Urban household | 15.243*** | 11.444*** | 16.691*** | 9.016* |
| (9.75) | (4.92) | (8.53) | (1.69) | |
| Share 4 to 7 | 27.072*** | 35.276*** | 22.444*** | 26.393** |
| (5.97) | (3.97) | (5.37) | (2.16) | |
| Share 8 to 15 | 32.390*** | 43.753*** | 33.341*** | 33.816*** |
| (11.21) | (5.07) | (9.95) | (3.21) | |
| Share 16 to 64 | 23.257*** | 23.181*** | 25.114*** | 19.994* |
| (5.65) | (3.13) | (4.71) | (1.95) | |
| Share elderly | 9.658*** | 11.659 | 10.309*** | 21.662** |
| (3.45) | (1.51) | (2.97) | (1.99) | |
| Farm income | −0.005 | −0.007 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| (−1.01) | (−0.95) | (0.51) | (0.88) | |
| Enterprise income | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.009** | 0.004 |
| (0.71) | (0.87) | (1.97) | (0.70) | |
| Wage income | 0.000** | 0.000*** | 0.000** | 0.016 |
| (2.07) | (2.70) | (2.24) | (0.92) | |
| Married couples | 1.752* | 4.904*** | 1.032 | 1.504 |
| (1.93) | (2.77) | (1.06) | (0.67) | |
| Home production | −0.126** | −0.244* | −0.177*** | 0.014 |
| (−2.39) | (−1.93) | (−2.65) | (0.07) | |
| Constant | −30.310*** | −42.524*** | −34.292*** | −16.082 |
| (−5.41) | (−2.97) | (−5.21) | (−1.11) | |
| Observations | 1,989 | 1,989 | 1,718 | 1,718 |
| Hansen’s J | 0.216 | 0.0101 | ||
| p-value | 0.642 | 0.920 | ||
| First stage F | ||||
| Remittance income | 0.302 | 2.153 | ||
| Number remitter | 1.054 | 2.326 | ||
| SLC*Remittance | 7.056 | 4.339 |