Table 5 Education spending as a function of remittance income and school quality, internal vs. external remittance

Variables

OLS

IV

OLS

IV

Internal remittance

−0.119*

−0.619***

(−1.95)

(−3.04)

SLC pass rate*

0.003**

0.013***

Internal remittance

(1.97)

(2.99)

External remittance

0.002

0.139

(0.09)

(0.88)

SLC pass rate*

0.0001

0.00005

External remittance

(0.45)

(0.03)

SLC pass rate

0.214***

−0.231

0.292***

0.005

(3.81)

(−1.54)

(5.27)

(0.03)

Number remitter

1.466**

17.838***

1.018

−8.200

(2.51)

(2.83)

(1.35)

(−0.99)

Urban household

15.243***

11.444***

16.691***

9.016*

(9.75)

(4.92)

(8.53)

(1.69)

Share 4 to 7

27.072***

35.276***

22.444***

26.393**

(5.97)

(3.97)

(5.37)

(2.16)

Share 8 to 15

32.390***

43.753***

33.341***

33.816***

(11.21)

(5.07)

(9.95)

(3.21)

Share 16 to 64

23.257***

23.181***

25.114***

19.994*

(5.65)

(3.13)

(4.71)

(1.95)

Share elderly

9.658***

11.659

10.309***

21.662**

(3.45)

(1.51)

(2.97)

(1.99)

Farm income

−0.005

−0.007

0.002

0.006

(−1.01)

(−0.95)

(0.51)

(0.88)

Enterprise income

0.000

0.001

0.009**

0.004

(0.71)

(0.87)

(1.97)

(0.70)

Wage income

0.000**

0.000***

0.000**

0.016

(2.07)

(2.70)

(2.24)

(0.92)

Married couples

1.752*

4.904***

1.032

1.504

(1.93)

(2.77)

(1.06)

(0.67)

Home production

−0.126**

−0.244*

−0.177***

0.014

(−2.39)

(−1.93)

(−2.65)

(0.07)

Constant

−30.310***

−42.524***

−34.292***

−16.082

(−5.41)

(−2.97)

(−5.21)

(−1.11)

Observations

1,989

1,989

1,718

1,718

Hansen’s J

0.216

0.0101

p-value

0.642

0.920

First stage F

 Remittance income

0.302

2.153

 Number remitter

1.054

2.326

 SLC*Remittance

7.056

4.339