Table 7 Education spending as a function of remittance income and school quality

Variables

OLS

IV

OLS

IV

OLS

IV

Remittance income

0.001

0.048

0.001

0.127***

−0.020

−0.450***

(1.33)

(1.13)

(1.42)

(2.60)

(−1.49)

(−2.76)

SLC pass rate*

0.0004

0.009***

Remittance

(1.54)

(3.30)

SLC pass rate

0.406***

0.226***

0.381***

−0.093

(6.23)

(4.29)

(5.70)

(−0.81)

Number remitter

0.902*

2.809

1.069**

−19.902***

0.840*

−3.070

(1.89)

(0.59)

(2.23)

(−3.52)

(1.87)

(−0.40)

Urban household

20.350***

20.437***

15.611***

9.040***

15.510***

13.659***

(9.99)

(7.46)

(9.81)

(4.39)

(9.74)

(4.77)

Share 4 to 7

28.213***

32.199***

27.438***

16.064***

27.514***

28.912***

(6.11)

(6.29)

(6.00)

(2.88)

(6.01)

(3.02)

Share 8 to 15

47.142***

48.835***

46.433***

32.191***

46.689***

54.098***

(6.08)

(6.33)

(6.07)

(4.46)

(6.11)

(4.71)

Share 16 to 64

35.611***

36.803***

32.240***

22.153***

32.312***

34.391***

(7.08)

(6.98)

(6.98)

(4.47)

(7.00)

(4.28)

Share elderly

21.080***

20.452***

17.932***

18.389***

18.372***

28.238***

(4.72)

(4.20)

(4.34)

(3.10)

(4.46)

(3.39)

Farm income

−0.014

−0.010

−0.012

−0.004

−0.012

−0.014

(−1.43)

(−1.17)

(−1.42)

(−0.41)

(−1.41)

(−1.31)

Enterprise income

0.007

0.007

0.007

0.009

0.007

0.008

(1.31)

(1.21)

(1.33)

(1.63)

(1.33)

(1.45)

Wage income

0.023**

0.022**

0.019**

0.021**

0.020**

0.023**

(2.54)

(2.57)

(2.19)

(2.41)

(2.20)

(2.35)

Married couples

8.647

10.540**

8.776

0.457

8.852

12.208**

(1.60)

(2.02)

(1.62)

(0.10)

(1.64)

(2.02)

Home production

−0.271***

−0.348***

−0.213**

0.006

−0.212**

−0.212*

(−2.83)

(−3.35)

(−2.36)

(0.07)

(−2.35)

(−1.71)

Constant

−32.949***

−39.680***

−53.410***

−13.469

−52.171***

−31.640**

(−3.65)

(−3.66)

(−4.53)

(−1.35)

(−4.41)

(−2.44)

Observations

5,988

5,988

5,988

5,988

5,988

5,988

Hansen’s J

0.927

7.954

0.799

p-value

0.629

0.0187

0.371

First stage F:

 Remittance income

7.751

6.741

6.741

 Number remitter

16.54

20.14

20.14

 SLC*Remittance

7.028