Better migrants, better PISA results: Findings from a natural experiment

Cattaneo, Maria A; Wolter, Stefan C

doi:10.1186/s40176-015-0042-y

Table 1 Individual and school characteristics by immigrant’s definition

From: Better migrants, better PISA results: Findings from a natural experiment

	First-generation		Second-generation		Natives^a		All^b
	Mean	Std. error	Mean	Std. error	Mean	Std. error
Year 2000
Individual characteristics
Reading score	426.21	3.95	462.63	3.70	517.43	1.16	503.27
Female	0.45	0.02	0.52	0.02	0.50	0.01	0.49
Age	16.06	0.03	15.70	0.03	15.70	0.01	15.74
Parents’ education: tertiary^c	0.08	0.01	0.07	0.01	0.10	0.01	0.09
Parents’ education: compulsory	0.20	0.02	0.20	0.02	0.05	0.003	0.08
Foreign language at home	0.81	0.02	0.65	0.02	0.05	0.003	0.18
Socio-economic index	39.1	0.6	43.33	0.61	50.53	0.21	48.72
Less than 100 books at home	0.81	0.02	0.67	0.02	0.45	0.01	0.51
Latin Switzerland	0.29	0.02	0.28	0.02	0.20	0.005	0.21
Country of origin: Germany, France, Austria, Belgium	0.03	0.02	0.06	0.01	-	-
Country of origin: Italy, Spain, Portugal	0.24	0.01	0.45	0.01	-	-
Country of origin: Albania, Kosovo, Ex Yugoslavia	0.51	0.01	0.15	0.01	-	-
Country of origin: Turkey	0.08	0.02	0.11	0.02	-	-
Country of origin: Rest	0.14	0.01	0.23	0.02	-	-
School characteristics
Proportion of foreign language speakers	0.28	0.01	0.28	0.01	0.16	0.002	0.18
Number of students in school	514.61	15.04	536.72	17.06	456.15	4.75	469.34
Public	0.99	0.005	0.97	0.007	0.97	0.002	0.97
N	649		604		5409		6662
Year 2009
Individual characteristics
Reading score	466.21	2.84	475.33	1.9	519.83	0.79	509.53
Female	0.53	0.02	0.51	0.01	0.51	0.005	0.51
Age	15.97	0.02	15.73	0.02	15.74	0.01	15.76
Parents’ education: tertiary	0.22	0.01	0.19	0.01	0.28	0.004	0.26
Parents’ education: compulsory	0.10	0.01	0.11	0.01	0.02	0.001	0.03
Foreign language at home	0.66	0.01	0.58	0.01	0.03	0.002	0.16
Socio-economic index	44.38	0.54	43.76	0.34	53.04	0.15	51.08
Less than 100 books at home	0.75	0.01	0.76	0.01	0.52	0.01	0.65
Latin Switzerland	0.37	0.01	0.45	0.01	0.23	0.004	0.30
Country of origin: Germany, France, Austria, Belgium	0.10	0.01	0.03	0.02	-	-
Country of origin: Italy, Spain, Portugal	0.20	0.01	0.30	0.01	-	-
Country of origin: Albania, Kosovo, Ex Yugoslavia	0.34	0.01	0.32	0.01	-	-
Country of origin: Turkey	0.03	0.02	0.07	0.02	-	-
Country of origin: Rest	0.33	0.01	0.28	0.01	-	-
School characteristics
Proportion of foreign language speakers	0.2	0.003	0.2	0.003	0.13	0.001	0.14
Number of students in school	529.56	11.24	563.35	7.88	497.7	3.43	509.21
Public	0.99	0.003	0.99	0.002	0.99	0.001	0.99
N	1095		2031		10862		13988

^aNatives include all children who are neither first-generation nor second-generation immigrants
^bAll reports the means of the whole sample
^cParents education tertiary (compulsory) is a dummy variable taking the value 1 if both parents have a tertiary (only compulsory school) degree

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