Better migrants, better PISA results: Findings from a natural experiment

Table 2 Oaxaca decomposition of the score gap between 2000 and 2009 for first-generation immigrants

(A) ^e	Regression OLS 2009		Regression OLS 2000
	Coefficient	Std. error^c	Coefficient	Std. error
Female	33.65	2.12^a	10.64	6.92
Age	−22.64	1.62^a	−8.43	5.47
SEI	1.10	0.08^a	0.65	0.29^b
Parents ‘education^d: tertiary	10.99	3.06^a	30.84	16.24+
Parents’ education: compulsory	4.58	3.57	−26.40	9.19^a
Family structure^e: single	−5.35	3.51	−13.29	11.96
Family Structure: mixed	−31.49	11.31^a	5.31	16.49
Siblings (yes)	−3.05	3.17	−44.07	12.89^a
Less than 100 books at home	−45.86	2.98^a	−39.93	10.19^a
Foreign language at home	3.90	2.80	−6.36	9.85
Age at immigration	−0.30	0.24	−3.12	0.94^a
Latin Switzerland	0.60	2.54	10.62	8.95
Country of origin^f: Germany, France, Austria, Belgium	51.41	4.08^a	24.80	21.91
Country of origin: Italy, Spain, Portugal	−0.18	3.51	−2.46	13.06
Country of origin: Albania, Kosovo, Ex Yugoslavia	−11.48	3.14^a	−27.39	11.86^a
Country of origin: Turkey	9.50	7.30	−38.35	15.94^b
Constant	792.40	26.98^a	646.93	87.83^a
R2	0.35		0.27
N	1095		649
(B) Decomposition
Total gap	40	100%
Explained	22	55%
Unexplained	18	45%

^asignificant at 1% level
^bsignificant at 5% level, + significant at 10% level
^cAll standard errors account for errors’s correlations at the school level (clustered standard errors)
^dReference category: Both parents have secondary level education
^eReference: Nuclear
^fReference: other