Can immigrants help women “have it all”? Immigrant labor and women’s joint fertility and labor supply decisions

Table 3 IV estimates of the effects of low-skilled immigration on fertility and work outcomes

	Normit, birth rate	Normit, LFP rate	Tetrachoric, birth and LFP	Normit, Joint Likelihood of Birth and LFP
				Direct	Indirect
	1	2	3	4	5
Share working age low-skilled immigrant (LSI)	2.483	−1.674	1.033	2.274
Share working age low-skilled immigrant (LSI)	(0.836)	(0.607)	(0.363)	(0.830)
Mean of underlying dependent variable, 2000	0.07011	0.83421	−0.3294	0.04515
Effect of average change in LSI, 1980–2000	0.00971	−0.01317	0.03294	0.00578	0.00667
Proportion explained by weakened correlation					0.237
Number of observations	708	708	708	708

Column 4 reproduces results shown in column 4 of Table 2 for convenience. The indirect measure of the effect of low-skilled immigration, shown in column 5, is obtained by combining the estimates shown in columns 1–3 in the way described in the text. All models include time-varying region fixed effects, MSA fixed effects, age-group fixed effects, the log of income per male college graduate, and the following group-level characteristics: the proportion black, the proportion who are of another non-white race, and the proportion married. Each of the observation-cells is weighted by the population of women represented by the cell, and the robust standard errors in parentheses are clustered by MSA. Reported effects are the change in the underlying dependent variable that would be caused by the change in the share of working age low-skilled immigrants experienced by the average member of the sample. *p < .10; **p < .05; ***p < .01