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Table 4 Robustness checks of the IV estimates of the effects of low-skilled immigration on fertility and work outcomes

From: Can immigrants help women “have it all”? Immigrant labor and women’s joint fertility and labor supply decisions

Panel A

     

 Drop California

Normit, birth rate

Normit, LFP rate

Tetrachoric, birth and LFP

Normit, joint likelihood of birth and LFP

    

Direct

Indirect

 

1

2

3

4

5

 Share working age low-skilled immigrant (LSI)

3.438**

−3.269***

1.767**

3.601**

 

(1.613)

(1.099)

(0.683)

(1.493)

 

 Mean of Underlying Dependent Variable, 2000

0.0712

0.834

−0.331

0.0458

0.0458

 Effect of Average Change in LSI, 1980–2000

0.0116

−0.0220

0.0482

0.00796

0.00775

 Proportion Explained by Weakened Correlation

    

0.3

 Number of Observations

648

648

648

648

 

Panel B

     

 Three age groups

Normit, birth rate

Normit, LFP rate

Tetrachoric, birth and LFP

Normit, joint likelihood of birth and LFP

    

Direct

Indirect

 

6

7

8

9

10

 Share Working Age Low-Skilled Immigrant (LSI)

2.278**

−0.912*

0.930*

1.989**

 

(0.902)

(0.470)

(0.516)

(0.953)

 

 Mean of Underlying Dependent Variable, 2000

0.0701

0.834

−0.312

0.0451

0.0451

 Effect of Average Change in LSI, 1980–2000

   

0.00494

0.00640

 Proportion Explained by Weakened Correlation

    

0.213

 Number of Observations

1062

1062

1062

1062

 

Panel C

     

 Marriage and LFP

Normit, marriage rate

Normit, LFP rate

Tetrachoric, marriage and LFP

Normit, joint likelihood of marriage and LFP

    

Direct

Indirect

 

11

12

13

14

15

 Share Working Age Low-Skilled Immigrant (LSI)

0.109

−1.756***

0.349

−0.732

 

(0.536)

(0.578)

(0.282)

(0.673)

 

 Mean of Underlying Dependent Variable, 2000

0.578

0.834

−0.368

0.446

0.446

 Effect of Average Change in LSI, 1980–2000

0.00129

−0.0138

0.0111

−0.00899

−0.00839

 Proportion Explained by Weakened Correlation

    

−0.104

Number of Observations

708

708

708

708

 
  1. Estimates in Panel A were constructed without California. Panel B uses the full sample but instead of two age groups (22–32, 33–43), MSA-year-age groups are constructed using three age groups (22–28, 29–35, 36–43). Panel C reverts to the two age groups but replaces the incidence of childbearing with marriage rates. Results reported in the first three columns were estimated using one regression run on stacked data for each of the three outcomes. All models include time-varying region fixed effects, MSA fixed effects, age-group fixed effects, the log of income per male college graduate, and the following group-level characteristics: the proportion black, the proportion who are of another non-white race, and the proportion married. Each of the observation-cells is weighted by the population of women represented by the cell, and the robust standard errors in parentheses are clustered by MSA. Reported effects are the change in the underlying dependent variable that would be caused by the change in the share of working age low-skilled immigrants experienced by the average member of the sample. *p < .10; **p < .05; ***p < .01