Table 1 Descriptive statistics: native Swedes and immigrants, 1990–2000
Native | Nordic | Western | Eastern | Middle | Asia | Africa | Latin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swedes | countries | countries | Europe | East | America | |||
Log of earnings | 10.78 (3.73) | 8.99 (5.14) | 8.06 (5.51) | 7.83 (5.71) | 5.67 (5.58) | 7.54 (5.36) | 6.27 (5.53) | 7.84 (5.16) |
Employment status | 0.82 (0.37) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.49 (0.50) | 0.37 (0.48) | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.40 (0.49) | 0.56 (0.49) |
First lag of employment | 0.83 (0.37) | 0.69 (0.45) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.49) | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.39 (0.48) | 0.55 (0.50) |
Employment in 1990 | 0.83 (0.38) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.61 (0.49) | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.38 (0.48) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.36 (0.49) | 0.56 (0.50) |
Local unemployment rate | 2.81 (1.18) | 2.66 (1.01) | 2.83 (1.26) | 2.85 (1.11) | 3.35 (1.55) | 3.21 (1.48) | 3.15 (1.34) | 3.01 (1.41) |
Age | 38.7 (10.8) | 40.7 (10.8) | 39.2 (10.96) | 38.9 (11.2) | 35.6 (9.46) | 33.3 (10.5) | 33.1 (9.15) | 35.4 (10.8) |
Years-since-migration | – | 19.0 (9.40) | 14.8 (9.76) | 12.2 (9.64) | 9.77 (6.49) | 12.6 (7.62) | 8.59 (6.32) | 12.1 (6.80) |
Married/cohabiting | 0.40 (0.49) | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.38 (0.48) |
Number of children at home | 1.78 (1.16) | 1.61 (1.12) | 1.66 (1.12) | 1.81 (1.20) | 1.97 (1.47) | 1.70 (1.26) | 1.58 (1.54) | 1.69 (1.21) |
Stockholm residence | 0.22 (0.43) | 0.35 (0.44) | 0.39 (0.47) | 0.22 (0.34) | 0.37 (0.45) | 0.30 (0.42) | 0.40 (0.48) | 0.43 (0.51) |
Non-labor income | 0.74 (2.26) | 0.49 (1.83) | 0.56 (1.99) | 0.45 (1.76) | 0.54 (1.91) | 0.62 (2.03) | 0.27 (1.35) | 0.30 (1.44) |
Lower secondary | 0.23 (0.37) | 0.31 (0.44) | 0.32 (0.46) | 0.23 (0.39) | 0.45 (0.48) | 0.39 (0.47) | 0.32 (0.45) | 0.40 (0.47) |
Upper secondary | 0.51 (0.49) | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.36 (0.47) | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.37 (0.48) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.47 (0.49) |
University degree | 0.26 (0.43) | 0.26 (0.42) | 0.32 (0.46) | 0.26 (0.43) | 0.26 (0.43) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.23 (0.42) |
Arrival cohort | ||||||||
<1970 | – | 0.22 (0.44) | 0.10 (0.23) | 0.10 (0.29) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.03 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.25) |
1970–1974 | – | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.17 (0.37) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.04 (0.18) | 0.10 (0.31) | 0.04 (0.21) | 0.05 (0.22) |
1975–1979 | – | 0.21 (0.40) | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.08 (0.26) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.40) |
1980–1984 | – | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.13 (0.33) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.12 (0.32) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.18 (0.38) |
1985–1989 | – | 0.13 (0.33) | 0.18 (0.38) | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.30 (0.45) | 0.33 (0.47) |
1990–1994 | – | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.17 (0.37) | 0.38 (0.48) | 0.29 (0.45) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.42 (0.50) | 0.15 (0.36) |
1995–2000 | – | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.06 (0.23) | 0.04 (0.20) |
Number of observations | 540,651 | 131,647 | 67,641 | 107,124 | 121,914 | 28,381 | 28,432 | 36,547 |