Table 1 Sample means by foreigner status and gender (1999–2010)
From: Wage discrimination against immigrants: measurement with firm-level productivity data
Individual level | Firm level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Male EU | Female EU | Male non-EU | Female non-EU | Total | Total |
Wage/h (constant euros) | 16.3 | 14.3 | 14.2 | 13.4 | 15.6 | 15.3 |
St. deviation | (8.57) | (8.08) | (7.94) | (7.83) | (8.45) | (5.47) |
Worker characteristics | ||||||
Education level 1 (ISCED 1–2) | 35.7 | 26.7 | 50.7 | 35.8 | 34.5 | 34.0 |
Education level 2 (ISCED 3–4) | 41.9 | 42.1 | 34.8 | 36.7 | 43.4 | 42.2 |
Education level 3 (ISCED 5–7) | 22.4 | 31.2 | 14.4 | 27.5 | 24.2 | 23.8 |
Fixed-term contracts | 2.5 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 8.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
High tenure (>5 years) | 56.2 | 51.1 | 38.2 | 27.3 | 53.3 | 53.6 |
Workers <40 years | 52.4 | 58.9 | 63.0 | 69.8 | 55.0 | 54.7 |
Occupations | ||||||
Managers | 4.3 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 |
Professionals | 10.1 | 9.2 | 6.7 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.2 |
Technical ass. professionals | 8.0 | 7.7 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 7.4 |
Clerical occupations | 11.1 | 38.2 | 6.3 | 25.5 | 17.7 | 18.1 |
Service occupations | 4.1 | 10.1 | 5.9 | 13.4 | 5.9 | 6.0 |
Crafts | 31.0 | 10.9 | 32.9 | 10.0 | 25.8 | 27.1 |
Machine operators | 23.1 | 10.8 | 21.9 | 7.1 | 19.7 | 19.0 |
Elementary occupations | 8.2 | 10.8 | 19.4 | 26.1 | 9.9 | 9.4 |
Firm characteristics | ||||||
Mining and quarrying | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Manufacturing | 48.7 | 40.9 | 44.1 | 24.7 | 46.1 | 46.0 |
Electricity, gas and water supply | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Construction | 15.2 | 3.1 | 15.6 | 1.9 | 12.0 | 13.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 15.1 | 24.1 | 11.8 | 17.6 | 17.2 | 17.5 |
Hotels and restaurants | 1.4 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 12.8 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
Transport, storage and communication | 8.2 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 7.1 |
Financial intermediation | 1.0 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
Real estate, renting and bus. services | 9.9 | 19.4 | 12.1 | 33.7 | 12.8 | 11.8 |
Firm size | 83.9 | 89.1 | 74.4 | 90.7 | 80.9 | 64.3 |
Added value/h (constant euros) | 55.5 | 57.5 | 53.5 | 62.3 | 56.0 | 56.4 |
Firm-level collective bargaining | 20.9 | 17.1 | 18.3 | 14.1 | 19.7 | 16.5 |
Region | ||||||
Flanders | 62.1 | 62.2 | 49.0 | 45.3 | 61.0 | 61.2 |
Brussels | 11.6 | 16.2 | 26.8 | 36.4 | 14.2 | 13.2 |
Wallonia | 26.3 | 21.6 | 24.1 | 18.3 | 24.9 | 25.6 |
Number of observations | 373,728 | 136,546 | 35,690 | 9999 | 555,963 | 23,712 |
Share of sample (%) | 67.2 | 24.6 | 6.4 | 1.8 | 100 | 100 |