Table 6 Estimates of wage penalty (δ) for the 1982–1991 cohort, by age-on-arrival, ethnicity, and period
From: Immigrant assimilation and male labor market inequality
Full | 1994–2001 | 2002–2007 | 2008–2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child (≤12) | −0.1079 | −0.1121 | −0.1147 | −0.1360 | Caribbean-English |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.1674 | −0.1777 | −0.2045 | −0.1280 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.2235 | −0.2043 | −0.2788 | −0.1966 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.3629 | −0.3160 | −0.4117 | −0.3710 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.4239 | −0.3911 | −0.5007 | −0.3940 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.4519 | −0.4031 | −0.4937 | −0.4580 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.3799 | −0.4681 | −0.3543 | −0.3560 | |
Child (≤12) | −0.2030 | −0.2510 | −0.2370 | −0.1590 | Caribbean-Spanish |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.2625 | −0.3166 | −0.3268 | −0.1510 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.3186 | −0.3432 | −0.4011 | −0.2196 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.4580 | −0.4549 | −0.5340 | −0.3940 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.5190 | −0.5300 | −0.6230 | −0.4170 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.5470 | −0.5420 | −0.6160 | −0.4810 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.4750 | −0.6070 | −0.4766 | −0.3790 | |
Child (≤12) | −0.2690 | −0.2880 | −0.2630 | −0.2980 | Haiti |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.3285 | −0.3536 | −0.3528 | −0.2900 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.3846 | −0.3802 | −0.4271 | −0.3586 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.5240 | −0.4919 | −0.5600 | −0.5330 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.5850 | −0.5670 | −0.6490 | −0.5560 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.6130 | −0.5790 | −0.6420 | −0.6200 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.5410 | −0.6440 | −0.5026 | −0.5180 | |
Child (≤12) | −0.2170 | −0.2890 | −0.2070 | −0.2310 | African-English |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.2765 | −0.3546 | −0.2968 | −0.2230 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.3326 | −0.3812 | −0.3711 | −0.2916 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.4720 | −0.4929 | −0.5040 | −0.4660 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.5330 | −0.5680 | −0.5930 | −0.4890 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.5610 | −0.5800 | −0.5860 | −0.5530 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.4890 | −0.6450 | −0.4466 | −0.4510 | |
Child (≤12) | −0.3290 | −0.7790 | 0.0076 | −0.3860 | African-French |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.3885 | −0.8446 | −0.0822 | −0.3780 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.4446 | −0.8712 | −0.1565 | −0.4466 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.5840 | −0.9829 | −0.2894 | −0.6210 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.6450 | −1.0580 | −0.3784 | −0.6440 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.6730 | −1.0700 | −0.3714 | −0.7080 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.6010 | −1.1350 | −0.2320 | −0.6060 | |
Child (≤12) | −0.2690 | −0.3630 | −0.2070 | −0.3060 | African-Other language |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.3285 | −0.4286 | −0.2968 | −0.2980 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.3846 | −0.4552 | −0.3711 | −0.3666 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.5240 | −0.5669 | −0.5040 | −0.5410 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.5850 | −0.6420 | −0.5930 | −0.5640 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.6130 | −0.6540 | −0.5860 | −0.6280 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.5410 | −0.7190 | −0.4466 | −0.5260 | |
Child (≤12) | −0.1950 | −0.1899 | −0.2060 | −0.2100 | Other immigrants |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.2545 | −0.2555 | −0.2958 | −0.2020 | |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.3106 | −0.2821 | −0.3701 | −0.2706 | |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.4500 | −0.3938 | −0.5030 | −0.4450 | |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.5110 | −0.4689 | −0.5920 | −0.4680 | |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.5390 | −0.4809 | −0.5850 | −0.5320 | |
Senior (55–64) | −0.4670 | −0.5459 | −0.4456 | −0.4300 |