Table 9 Estimates of wage penalty for unskilled and skilled black male immigrants, by age-on-arrival, cohort, and ethnicity (selected coefficients)
From: Immigrant assimilation and male labor market inequality
Caribbean-English | Caribbean-Spanish | Haiti | African-English | African-French | African-Other | Other immig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. | |||||||
Arrived 1982–1991 | |||||||
Child (≤12) | −0.0238 | −0.1148 | −0.1830 | −0.0799 | −0.1166 | −0.1560 | −0.0993 |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.0876 | −0.1786 | −0.2468 | −0.1437 | −0.1804 | −0.2198 | −0.1631 |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.1769 | −0.2679 | −0.3361 | −0.2330 | −0.2697 | −0.3091 | −0.2524 |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.2848 | −0.3758 | −0.4440 | −0.3409 | −0.3776 | −0.4170 | −0.3603 |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.3458 | −0.4368 | −0.5050 | −0.4019 | −0.4386 | −0.4780 | −0.4213 |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.2828 | −0.3738 | −0.4420 | −0.3389 | −0.3756 | −0.4150 | −0.3583 |
Senior (55–64) | −0.3898 | −0.4808 | −0.5490 | −0.4459 | −0.4826 | −0.5220 | −0.4653 |
Arrived 1992–2001 | |||||||
Child (≤12) | 0.0172 | −0.0738 | −0.1420 | −0.0389 | −0.0756 | −0.1150 | −0.0583 |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.0466 | −0.1376 | −0.2058 | −0.1027 | −0.1394 | −0.1788 | −0.1221 |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.1359 | −0.2269 | −0.2951 | −0.1920 | −0.2287 | −0.2681 | −0.2114 |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.2438 | −0.3348 | −0.4030 | −0.2999 | −0.3366 | −0.3760 | −0.3193 |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.3048 | −0.3958 | −0.4640 | −0.3609 | −0.3976 | −0.4370 | −0.3803 |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.2418 | −0.3328 | −0.4010 | −0.2979 | −0.3346 | −0.3740 | −0.3173 |
Senior (55–64) | −0.3488 | −0.4398 | −0.5080 | −0.4049 | −0.4416 | −0.4810 | −0.4243 |
Arrived 2002–2007 | |||||||
Child (≤12) | 0.0482 | −0.0428 | −0.1110 | −0.0079 | −0.0446 | −0.0840 | −0.0273 |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.0156 | −0.1066 | −0.1748 | −0.0717 | −0.1084 | −0.1478 | −0.0911 |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.1049 | −0.1959 | −0.2641 | −0.1610 | −0.1977 | −0.2371 | −0.1804 |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.2128 | −0.3038 | −0.3720 | −0.2689 | −0.3056 | −0.3450 | −0.2883 |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.2738 | −0.3648 | −0.4330 | −0.3299 | −0.3666 | −0.4060 | −0.3493 |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.2108 | −0.3018 | −0.3700 | −0.2669 | −0.3036 | −0.3430 | −0.2863 |
Senior (55–64) | −0.3178 | −0.4088 | −0.4770 | −0.3739 | −0.4106 | −0.4500 | −0.3933 |
b. | |||||||
Arrived 1982–1991 | |||||||
Child (≤12) | −0.2447 | −0.3577 | −0.4197 | −0.3437 | −0.4937 | −0.4037 | −0.3557 |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.2791 | −0.3921 | −0.4541 | −0.3781 | −0.5281 | −0.4381 | −0.3901 |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.2842 | −0.3972 | −0.4592 | −0.3832 | −0.5332 | −0.4432 | −0.3952 |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.4290 | −0.5420 | −0.6040 | −0.5280 | −0.6780 | −0.5880 | −0.5400 |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.4760 | −0.5890 | −0.6510 | −0.5750 | −0.7250 | −0.6350 | −0.5870 |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.5970 | −0.7100 | −0.7720 | −0.6960 | −0.8460 | −0.7560 | −0.7080 |
Senior (55–64) | −0.4204 | −0.5334 | −0.5954 | −0.5194 | −0.6694 | −0.5794 | −0.5314 |
Arrived 1992–2001 | |||||||
Child (≤12) | −0.2487 | −0.3617 | −0.4237 | −0.3477 | −0.4977 | −0.4077 | −0.3597 |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.2831 | −0.3961 | −0.4581 | −0.3821 | −0.5321 | −0.4421 | −0.3941 |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.2882 | −0.4012 | −0.4632 | −0.3872 | −0.5372 | −0.4472 | −0.3992 |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.4330 | −0.5460 | −0.6080 | −0.5320 | −0.6820 | −0.5920 | −0.5440 |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.4800 | −0.5930 | −0.6550 | −0.5790 | −0.7290 | −0.6390 | −0.5910 |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.6010 | −0.7140 | −0.7760 | −0.7000 | −0.8500 | −0.7600 | −0.7120 |
Senior (55–64) | −0.4244 | −0.5374 | −0.5994 | −0.5234 | −0.6734 | −0.5834 | −0.5354 |
Arrived 2002–2007 | |||||||
Child (≤12) | −0.2537 | −0.3667 | −0.4287 | −0.3527 | −0.5027 | −0.4127 | −0.3647 |
Adolescent (13–17) | −0.2881 | −0.4011 | −0.4631 | −0.3871 | −0.5371 | −0.4471 | −0.3991 |
Emerging adult (18–25) | −0.2932 | −0.4062 | −0.4682 | −0.3922 | −0.5422 | −0.4522 | −0.4042 |
Young adult (26–34) | −0.4380 | −0.5510 | −0.6130 | −0.5370 | −0.6870 | −0.5970 | −0.5490 |
Advanced adult (35–44) | −0.4850 | −0.5980 | −0.6600 | −0.5840 | −0.7340 | −0.6440 | −0.5960 |
Middle-age (45–54) | −0.6060 | −0.7190 | −0.7810 | −0.7050 | −0.8550 | −0.7650 | −0.7170 |
Senior (55–64) | −0.4294 | −0.5424 | −0.6044 | −0.5284 | −0.6784 | −0.5884 | −0.5404 |