Table 3 Under/overeducation by immigrant status and gender
From: Skill composition of immigration flows and the measurement of education-occupation mismatch
Male | Female | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NZ-born | Recent migrant | Earlier migrant | NZ-born | Recent migrant | Earlier migrant | |
(a) Measured compared to modal qualification in same occupation | ||||||
Under qualified | 18.8 % | 14.6 % | 18.4 % | 17.8 % | 8.5 % | 13.6 % |
Perfectly qualified | 44.4 % | 33.1 % | 40.3 % | 48.0 % | 33.2 % | 43.4 % |
Over qualified | 36.8 % | 52.3 % | 41.3 % | 34.2 % | 58.3 % | 43.0 % |
(b) Measured compared to average years of education +/− 0.5 in same occupation | ||||||
Under qualified | 42.0 % | 33.0 % | 43.2 % | 42.8 % | 34.3 % | 44.7 % |
Perfectly qualified | 20.8 % | 15.0 % | 18.9 % | 24.9 % | 14.2 % | 20.7 % |
Over qualified | 37.2 % | 52.0 % | 37.8 % | 32.3 % | 51.5 % | 34.6 % |
(c) Actual years of education minus average years of education in same occupation | ||||||
Mean | 0.00 | 0.67 | −0.12 | 0.00 | 0.83 | −0.06 |
Median | −0.10 | 0.70 | −0.20 | −0.20 | 0.70 | −0.30 |
Number of individuals | 1,161,186 | 83,451 | 248,487 | 1,208,868 | 70,860 | 245,610 |