Skill composition of immigration flows and the measurement of education-occupation mismatch

Table 4 Years of overeducation for individuals with different characteristics

	Overall	NZ-born	Recent migrants	Earlier migrants
Male	0.02	0.00	0.67	−0.12
Female	0.03	0.00	0.83	−0.06
Aged 24–29	0.47	0.43	0.82	0.52
Aged 30–39	0.18	0.12	0.84	0.13
Aged 40–49	−0.07	−0.10	0.61	−0.11
Aged 50–59	−0.31	−0.30	0.32	−0.40
Aged 60–64	−0.45	−0.40	−0.21	−0.63
No qualifications	−1.75	−1.59	−3.54	−2.72
School qualifications	−0.65	−0.51	−1.66	−1.02
Post-school certificate	0.46	0.61	−0.22	−0.10
Post-school diploma	0.58	0.57	0.78	0.58
Bachelors degree	2.15	2.04	2.71	2.23
Higher degree	3.12	3.06	3.47	3.02

Note: Pooling 1996, 2001 and 2006 data. Recent migrants have lived in New Zealand for less than 5 years