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Table 9 Results of probit models for the propensity score (dependent variable: naturalisation)

From: Naturalisation and on-the-job training: evidence from first-generation immigrants in Germany

 

Total

Men

Women

Western Europe

Non-Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Turkey

Blue-collar employees

White-collar employees

Years since migration

0.586***

0.556***

0.644***

0.662***

0.579***

0.455***

0.737***

0.487***

0.754***

 

(0.020)

(0.028)

(0.030)

(0.054)

(0.022)

(0.029)

(0.048)

(0.025)

(0.034)

Married to a German citizen

1.504***

1.543***

1.531***

1.499***

1.529***

1.405***

2.421***

1.764***

1.010***

 

(0.036)

(0.049)

(0.055)

(0.098)

(0.039)

(0.052)

(0.085)

(0.046)

(0.060)

Dummy variables for immigrants’ origin (reference: Western Europe)

 Eastern Europe

1.946***

2.159***

1.677***

    

1.765***

2.273***

 

(0.055)

(0.078)

(0.077)

    

(0.072)

(0.089)

 Turkey

1.515***

1.686***

1.252***

 

−0.441***

  

1.435***

1.425***

 

(0.058)

(0.080)

(0.087)

 

(0.039)

  

(0.073)

(0.101)

 Other

2.604***

2.873***

2.266***

 

0.632***

  

2.418***

2.775***

 

(0.070)

(0.101)

(0.098)

 

(0.055)

  

(0.096)

(0.105)

Gender

0.111***

  

0.654***

0.014

−0.012

0.148*

0.112**

0.006

 

(0.035)

  

(0.101)

(0.038)

(0.052)

(0.080)

(0.046)

(0.059)

Position in the job (reference: low)

 Medium

0.346***

0.318***

0.414***

0.402***

0.343***

0.338***

0.233***

0.281***

0.623***

 

(0.038)

(0.047)

(0.068)

(0.120)

(0.040)

(0.054)

(0.080)

(0.046)

(0.075)

 High

0.386***

0.116

0.781***

0.722***

0.362***

0.473***

0.775***

 

0.600***

 

(0.071)

(0.094)

(0.111)

(0.175)

(0.080)

(0.107)

(0.199)

 

(0.090)

Blue-collar worker

−0.344***

−0.484***

−0.233***

0.074

−0.427***

−0.581***

−0.191*

  
 

(0.042)

(0.061)

(0.067)

(0.123)

(0.046)

(0.060)

(0.102)

  

Dummy variables for firm size (reference: less than 20 employees)

 20–200

−0.124***

−0.180***

−0.055

0.023

−0.139***

−0.212***

0.004

−0.087

−0.285***

 

(0.045)

(0.065)

(0.064)

(0.126)

(0.049)

(0.066)

(0.104)

(0.059)

(0.075)

 200–2000

−0.052

0.058

−0.193***

0.386***

−0.127***

−0.279***

0.125

−0.038

−0.131*

 

(0.045)

(0.062)

(0.067)

(0.117)

(0.049)

(0.066)

(0.104)

(0.058)

(0.077)

 More than 2000

−0.137***

−0.082

−0.174**

−0.150

−0.127**

−0.068

−0.076

−0.050

−0.308***

 

(0.048)

(0.066)

(0.074)

(0.138)

(0.052)

(0.071)

(0.109)

(0.063)

(0.079)

Dummy variables for time period (reference: 1986–1989)

 Period: 1990–1993

−0.094**

−0.166***

0.002

0.032

−0.113**

−0.099

−0.802***

−0.115**

−0.044

 

(0.047)

(0.063)

(0.073)

(0.128)

(0.051)

(0.063)

(0.211)

(0.057)

(0.086)

 Period: 1997–1999

0.049

0.029

0.075

−0.127

0.075

−0.020

0.329***

−0.051

0.160*

 

(0.053)

(0.071)

(0.080)

(0.142)

(0.057)

(0.078)

(0.109)

(0.069)

(0.089)

 Period: 2000–2004

0.031

0.029

0.026

−0.063

0.036

−0.089

0.365***

0.018

−0.031

 

(0.042)

(0.057)

(0.064)

(0.114)

(0.046)

(0.065)

(0.087)

(0.054)

(0.072)

 Period: 2005–2008

−0.029

0.011

−0.084

−0.183

−0.017

−0.015

0.187*

0.067

−0.231***

 

(0.050)

(0.068)

(0.075)

(0.139)

(0.054)

(0.080)

(0.098)

(0.064)

(0.084)

Constant

−4.238***

−4.239***

−4.122***

−5.106***

−2.157***

−1.661***

−3.682***

−4.327***

−4.619***

 

(0.098)

(0.129)

(0.141)

(0.277)

(0.083)

(0.109)

(0.181)

(0.112)

(0.163)

Pseudo R-squared

0.434

0.428

0.447

0.415

0.380

0.300

0.498

0.404

0.424

No. of observations

17,989

10,905

7084

6788

11,201

5005

5267

14,014

3975

  1. Notes: Coefficients of probit models are displayed. The sample is restricted to first-generation immigrants aged 25 to 55. The outcome variable is “naturalisation”. Reported standard errors in parentheses are robust and clustered by individual. * (**/***) denotes statistical significance at the 10 % (5 %/1 %) level
  2. Source: SOEP v26, own calculations