From: Naturalisation and on-the-job training: evidence from first-generation immigrants in Germany
Total | Men | Women | Western Europe | Non-Western Europe | Eastern Europe | Turkey | Blue-collar employees | White-collar employees | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years since migration | 0.586*** | 0.556*** | 0.644*** | 0.662*** | 0.579*** | 0.455*** | 0.737*** | 0.487*** | 0.754*** |
(0.020) | (0.028) | (0.030) | (0.054) | (0.022) | (0.029) | (0.048) | (0.025) | (0.034) | |
Married to a German citizen | 1.504*** | 1.543*** | 1.531*** | 1.499*** | 1.529*** | 1.405*** | 2.421*** | 1.764*** | 1.010*** |
(0.036) | (0.049) | (0.055) | (0.098) | (0.039) | (0.052) | (0.085) | (0.046) | (0.060) | |
Dummy variables for immigrants’ origin (reference: Western Europe) | |||||||||
Eastern Europe | 1.946*** | 2.159*** | 1.677*** | 1.765*** | 2.273*** | ||||
(0.055) | (0.078) | (0.077) | (0.072) | (0.089) | |||||
Turkey | 1.515*** | 1.686*** | 1.252*** | −0.441*** | 1.435*** | 1.425*** | |||
(0.058) | (0.080) | (0.087) | (0.039) | (0.073) | (0.101) | ||||
Other | 2.604*** | 2.873*** | 2.266*** | 0.632*** | 2.418*** | 2.775*** | |||
(0.070) | (0.101) | (0.098) | (0.055) | (0.096) | (0.105) | ||||
Gender | 0.111*** | 0.654*** | 0.014 | −0.012 | 0.148* | 0.112** | 0.006 | ||
(0.035) | (0.101) | (0.038) | (0.052) | (0.080) | (0.046) | (0.059) | |||
Position in the job (reference: low) | |||||||||
Medium | 0.346*** | 0.318*** | 0.414*** | 0.402*** | 0.343*** | 0.338*** | 0.233*** | 0.281*** | 0.623*** |
(0.038) | (0.047) | (0.068) | (0.120) | (0.040) | (0.054) | (0.080) | (0.046) | (0.075) | |
High | 0.386*** | 0.116 | 0.781*** | 0.722*** | 0.362*** | 0.473*** | 0.775*** | 0.600*** | |
(0.071) | (0.094) | (0.111) | (0.175) | (0.080) | (0.107) | (0.199) | (0.090) | ||
Blue-collar worker | −0.344*** | −0.484*** | −0.233*** | 0.074 | −0.427*** | −0.581*** | −0.191* | ||
(0.042) | (0.061) | (0.067) | (0.123) | (0.046) | (0.060) | (0.102) | |||
Dummy variables for firm size (reference: less than 20 employees) | |||||||||
20–200 | −0.124*** | −0.180*** | −0.055 | 0.023 | −0.139*** | −0.212*** | 0.004 | −0.087 | −0.285*** |
(0.045) | (0.065) | (0.064) | (0.126) | (0.049) | (0.066) | (0.104) | (0.059) | (0.075) | |
200–2000 | −0.052 | 0.058 | −0.193*** | 0.386*** | −0.127*** | −0.279*** | 0.125 | −0.038 | −0.131* |
(0.045) | (0.062) | (0.067) | (0.117) | (0.049) | (0.066) | (0.104) | (0.058) | (0.077) | |
More than 2000 | −0.137*** | −0.082 | −0.174** | −0.150 | −0.127** | −0.068 | −0.076 | −0.050 | −0.308*** |
(0.048) | (0.066) | (0.074) | (0.138) | (0.052) | (0.071) | (0.109) | (0.063) | (0.079) | |
Dummy variables for time period (reference: 1986–1989) | |||||||||
Period: 1990–1993 | −0.094** | −0.166*** | 0.002 | 0.032 | −0.113** | −0.099 | −0.802*** | −0.115** | −0.044 |
(0.047) | (0.063) | (0.073) | (0.128) | (0.051) | (0.063) | (0.211) | (0.057) | (0.086) | |
Period: 1997–1999 | 0.049 | 0.029 | 0.075 | −0.127 | 0.075 | −0.020 | 0.329*** | −0.051 | 0.160* |
(0.053) | (0.071) | (0.080) | (0.142) | (0.057) | (0.078) | (0.109) | (0.069) | (0.089) | |
Period: 2000–2004 | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.026 | −0.063 | 0.036 | −0.089 | 0.365*** | 0.018 | −0.031 |
(0.042) | (0.057) | (0.064) | (0.114) | (0.046) | (0.065) | (0.087) | (0.054) | (0.072) | |
Period: 2005–2008 | −0.029 | 0.011 | −0.084 | −0.183 | −0.017 | −0.015 | 0.187* | 0.067 | −0.231*** |
(0.050) | (0.068) | (0.075) | (0.139) | (0.054) | (0.080) | (0.098) | (0.064) | (0.084) | |
Constant | −4.238*** | −4.239*** | −4.122*** | −5.106*** | −2.157*** | −1.661*** | −3.682*** | −4.327*** | −4.619*** |
(0.098) | (0.129) | (0.141) | (0.277) | (0.083) | (0.109) | (0.181) | (0.112) | (0.163) | |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.434 | 0.428 | 0.447 | 0.415 | 0.380 | 0.300 | 0.498 | 0.404 | 0.424 |
No. of observations | 17,989 | 10,905 | 7084 | 6788 | 11,201 | 5005 | 5267 | 14,014 | 3975 |