Immigration and wages: new evidence from the African American Great Migration

Table 19 First-stage regressions

		Individual covariates				Individual and metro-level covariates
		1940		1950		1940		1950
Dependent variable	Instrument(s)	Black	White	Black	White	Black	White	Black	White
Prop. Southern	Predicted Prop. Southern	0.544***	0.514***	0.453***	0.372***	0.559***	0.532***	0.289***	0.358***
		(0.0724)	(0.0739)	(0.0778)	(0.0852)	(0.0647)	(0.0618)	(0.0803)	(0.0697)
	Observations	2081	104,029	1029	39,219	2081	101,339	1029	36,413
	R-squared	0.852	0.606	0.628	0.272	0.932	0.772	0.836	0.570
	Clusters	26	80	22	80	26	75	22	62
Prop. Southern black	Predicted Prop. Southern black	0.322***	0.471***	0.300***	0.376***	0.313***	0.469***	0.233***	0.329***
		(0.0829)	(0.0918)	(0.0520)	(0.0733)	(0.0985)	(0.0653)	(0.0697)	(0.0546)
	Predicted Prop. Southern white	0.115	−0.0522	0.0676	0.0165	0.0863	−0.00589	0.0345	0.0206
		(0.0773)	(0.0518)	(0.0411)	(0.0569)	(0.0538)	(0.0563)	(0.0401)	(0.0523)
	Observations	2081	104,029	1029	39,219	2081	101,339	1029	36,413
	R-squared	0.834	0.732	0.555	0.452	0.933	0.833	0.877	0.677
	Clusters	26	80	22	80	26	75	22	62
Prop. Southern white	Predicted Prop. Southern black	−0.197	−0.289	−0.257	−0.413**	−0.616***	−0.209	−0.416***	−0.279**
		(0.139)	(0.175)	(0.158)	(0.173)	(0.182)	(0.126)	(0.142)	(0.105)
	Predicted Prop. Southern white	0.748***	0.874***	0.725***	0.807***	1.018***	0.779***	0.685***	0.653***
		(0.110)	(0.187)	(0.109)	(0.159)	(0.131)	(0.127)	(0.102)	(0.115)
	Observations	2081	104,029	1029	39,219	2081	101,339	1029	36,413
	R-squared	0.879	0.717	0.779	0.594	0.957	0.799	0.893	0.720
	Clusters	26	80	22	80	26	75	22	62

Notes: All specifications include indicators for age and education; metro-level covariates include white and black percent employed in manufacturing, percent farming, and average years of education. Standard errors, clustered by metro area, reported in parentheses
“***”, “**”, and “*” denote significance at the 1, 5, and 10 % levels, respectively