Age at immigration matters for labor market integration—the Swedish example

Gustafsson, Bjorn Anders; Mac Innes, Hanna; Österberg, Torun

doi:10.1186/s40176-017-0087-1

Table 1 Hazard models estimating time from immigration until first time annual income >2 price base amounts, 1994 immigrants

From: Age at immigration matters for labor market integration—the Swedish example

	GDP group 1			GDP group 2				GDP group 3
Parameter	Parameter estimate	Pr > ChiSq	Hazard ratio	Parameter estimate		Pr > ChiSq	Hazard ratio	Parameter estimate		Pr > ChiSq	Hazard ratio
Reference: age 19–29 years
Age 30–34	0.197	<0.0001	1.217	−0.068		0.000	0.934	−0.027		0.419	0.974
Age 35–39	0.129	0.007	1.138	−0.164		<0.0001	0.849	−0.059		0.164	0.943
Age 40–44	0.130	0.025	1.139	−0.397		<0.0001	0.672	−0.279		<0.0001	0.757
Age 45–49	−0.012	0.845	0.988	−0.868		<0.0001	0.420	−0.688		<0.0001	0.502
Age 50–54	−0.363	<0.0001	0.696	−1.866		<0.0001	0.155	−1.118		<0.0001	0.327
Age 55–59	−0.634	<0.0001	0.530	−3.458		<0.0001	0.031	−2.528		<0.0001	0.080
Age 60–64	−1.037	<0.0001	0.354	−5.309		<0.0001	0.005	−2.546		<0.0001	0.078
Woman	−0.233	<0.0001	0.792	−0.284		<0.0001	0.752	−0.277		<0.0001	0.758
Reference: no children
Woman and 1–2 children	−0.283	<0.0001	0.754	0.153		<0.0001	1.165	−0.095		0.015	0.910
Woman and 3 or more children	−0.563	<0.0001	0.570	−0.065		0.058	0.937	−0.221		0.001	0.802
Man and 1–2 children	0.139	0.013	1.149	0.142		<0.0001	1.152	0.060		0.217	1.062
Man and 3 or more children	0.068	0.533	1.070	−0.177		<0.0001	0.838	−0.145		0.053	0.865
Partner	0.005	0.919	1.005	0.092		<0.0001	1.097	0.029		0.376	1.029
Swedish partner	0.058	0.320	1.060	0.210		<0.0001	1.234	0.267		<0.0001	1.306
Reference: compulsory
No information on education	−0.460	<0.0001	0.631	−1.482		<0.0001	0.227	−1.229		<0.0001	0.292
Less than compulsory	−0.196	0.049	0.822	−0.260		<0.0001	0.771	−0.104		0.068	0.901
Secondary 2 years	0.191	0.010	1.210	0.204		<0.0001	1.227	0.300		<0.0001	1.350
Secondary 3 years	0.138	0.063	1.148	0.275		<0.0001	1.316	0.213		<0.0001	1.237
Upper secondary less than 3 years	0.053	0.471	1.055	0.267		<0.0001	1.306	0.290		<0.0001	1.337
Upper secondary 3 years or more	0.373	<0.0001	1.453	0.299		<0.0001	1.349	0.337		<0.0001	1.401
Reference: larger Stockholm
Larger Göteborg	−0.216	<0.0001	0.806	−0.261		<0.0001	0.770	−0.309		<0.0001	0.734
Larger Malmö	−0.148	0.004	0.862	−0.320		<0.0001	0.726	−0.433		<0.0001	0.649
Other Sweden	−0.202	<0.0001	0.817	−0.138		<0.0001	0.871	−0.128		<0.0001	0.880
Forest counties	−0.153	0.001	0.858	−0.166		<0.0001	0.847	−0.135		0.001	0.874
Reference: Finland				Reference: Poland				Reference: Iran
DE	−0.123	0.049	0.884	FY	−0.058	0.217	0.944	IQ	−0.091	0.054	0.913
DK	0.336	<0.0001	1.399	BA	0.100	0.029	1.105	SO	−0.174	0.001	0.841
NO or IS	−0.173	0.000	0.841	TR	−0.114	0.068	0.892	TH	0.670	<0.0001	1.953
UK	−0.066	0.297	0.936	CL	0.185	0.023	1.203	LB	−0.139	0.051	0.871
USA or CA	−0.315	<0.0001	0.730	RO	0.248	0.006	1.282	CN	0.159	0.035	1.172
Other Asia	−0.596	<0.0001	0.551	HU	−0.026	0.847	0.975	SY	−0.149	0.036	0.862
Other EU15	−0.134	0.011	0.875	FSU	−0.041	0.470	0.960	IN	0.090	0.444	1.095
				GR	−0.180	0.100	0.835	VN	0.237	0.023	1.267
				KR	−1.172	<0.0001	0.310	ET or ER	0.498	<0.0001	1.645
				CO	−0.132	0.251	0.876	AF	−0.128	0.247	0.880
				C or SA	−0.016	0.785	0.984	No Afr	0.196	0.001	1.216
				EU16	−0.193	0.009	0.825	SS AFR	0.152	0.028	1.165
				Oth EUR	−0.058	0.217	0.944	Oth ME	−0.263	0.006	0.769
								BD or PK	0.235	<0.0001	1.264

DE Germany; DK Denmark; NO Norway; IS Iceland; UK United Kingdom; CA Canada; Other Asia other Asia, Australia, and Oceania; Other EU15 Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Austria; FY former Yugoslavia; TR Turkey; CL Chile; RO Romania; HU Hungary; FSU Former Soviet Union; GR = Greece; KR Korea; CO Colombia; C or SA central or south America; EU16 EU 16–27 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic; Oth EUR other Europe; IQ Iraq; SO Somalia; TH Thailand; LB Lebanon; CN China; SY Syria; IN India; VN Vietnam; ET Ethiopia; ER Eritrea; AF Afghanistan; No Afr North Africa; SS Afr Sub-Saharan Africa; Oth ME other Middle East; BD Bangladesh; PK Pakistan; BA Bosnia and Herzegovina

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