Factors influencing migration of female workers: a case of Bangladesh

Table 4 GMM—dynamic panel data estimation for Bangladesh

Determinants	Coefficient	P value
Pull factor
Lag-dependent variable: log of female migrant flow	4.31	(0.00)*
Macroeconomic factors
Log real gross domestic production per capita (ppp)	94.97	(0.01)*
Lag 1 of log real gross domestic product per capita (ppp)^a	167.82	(0.01)*
Labor market factors
Log agriculture sector value addition	53.77	(0.01)*
Log manufacturing sector value addition	−72.95	(0.01)*
Log service sector value addition	4.74	(0.59)
Employment to population ratio^b	−36.37	(0.01)*
Labor force participation rate female^b	52.02	(0.01)*
Demographic factors
Log fertility rate	311.46	(0.01)*
Noneconomic factors
Distance	−0.92	(0.01)*
Religion	−71.85	(0.24)
Push factor
Macroeconomic factors
Log real gross domestic product per capita (ppp)	−53.72	(0.09)***
Lag 2 of log real gross domestic product per capita (ppp)^a	−60.39	(0.08)***
Labor market factors
Agriculture sector value addition^b	39.87	(0.03)**
Log manufacturing sector addition	22.07	(0.02)**
Log services sector value addition	28.86	(0.02)**
Log employment to population Ratio	90.91	(0.23)
Lag 1 of labor force participation rate female^a	−8.58	(0.01)*
Demographic factors
Log fertility rate	−148.30	(0.06)***
Number of observation	207
Wald chi² (19)	423.97
Probability >chi²	0.00
Sargan test of over identifying restrictions	3.78e−16
Probability >chi²	0.999

Note: *, **, and *** represent significance at 1, 5, and 10% significance level, respectively
^aLag values are used to control endogeneity. Sargan test further confirms that instruments used are over identified
^bLog values of some of the variables show insignificant impact, hence not included