Table 11 Household determinants of the probability to send a migrant

From: Migrating out of a crowded labor market: evidence from Egypt

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	OLS	IV	IV	IV
			Urban	Rural
Network	0.249^∗∗∗	1.163^∗∗∗	1.101^∗∗	1.358^∗∗∗
	(0.066)	(0.324)	(0.552)	(0.480)
Wealth	0.017^∗∗∗	0.020^∗∗∗	0.020^∗∗	0.015
	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.009)	(0.011)
Wealth²	0.004^∗	0.013^∗∗	0.013	0.005
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.011)	(0.009)
Network × Wealth	−0.130^∗∗∗	−0.387^∗∗	−0.153	−0.293
	(0.049)	(0.168)	(0.236)	(0.188)
Network × wealth²	−0.145^∗∗∗	−0.450^∗∗∗	−0.617	−0.333^∗∗
	(0.037)	(0.162)	(0.409)	(0.152)
Household size	0.005^∗∗∗	0.005^∗∗∗	0.005^∗∗∗	0.006^∗∗∗
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)
Share of working-age men	0.110^∗∗∗	0.125^∗∗∗	0.076^∗∗∗	0.183^∗∗∗
	(0.015)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.031)
Dependency rate	0.032^∗∗	0.047^∗∗∗	0.047^∗∗	0.061^∗∗
	(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.021)	(0.027)
Years of schooling, HH. head	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.002^∗
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Male hh. head	−0.017^∗∗∗	−0.017^∗∗	−0.024^∗∗∗	-0.011
	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.011)
Formal employment	−0.038^∗∗	−0.026	0.015	−0.085^∗∗
	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.023)	(0.034)
Observations	10219	10219	5875	4343

Marginal effects at mean of regressors. Standard errors in parentheses. Survey weighted probit/iv-probit model, standard errors clustered at district level. Two-wave panel sample of households. Regressors are observed in t=1998, 2006. Dependent variable is 1 if a member of the household emigrated after t. The mean value of the dependent variable is 0.045. Model includes governorate fixed-effects, urban dummy (col. 1–2), year dummy. IV: network variable is instrumented using old migration rates (based on pre-1998 departures when t=2006, pre-1990 when t=1998) in level and interaction terms
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1

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