The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain

Table 1 Summary statistics by Spanish proficiency

	Proficient	Non-proficient
Share	0.653	0.347
Hourly wage	7.682	6.339
Hourly wage	4.699	3.259
Years of schooling	11.140	8.614
Years of schooling	3.586	4.830
Age	38.004	36.340
Age	9.277	8.510
Age at arrival	24.520	28.310
Age at arrival	12.150	7.564
Not from Spanish-speaking country	0.425	0.990
Not from Spanish-speaking country	0.494	0.098
Single	0.357	0.333
Single	0.479	0.471
Divorced	0.066	0.076
Divorced	0.248	0.264
Married	0.577	0.591
Married	0.494	0.492
Children in school	0.375	0.271
Children in school	0.484	0.445
No. of children at home	0.663	0.633
No. of children at home	0.473	0.482
Region of origin
Maghreb	0.087	0.320
Maghreb	0.282	0.467
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.023	0.083
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.148	0.275
Eastern Europe	0.076	0.355
Eastern Europe	0.266	0.479
Latin America	0.603	0.035
Latin America	0.489	0.183
Asia	0.012	0.061
Asia	0.107	0.239
Australia-North America	0.009	0.007
Australia-North America	0.096	0.082
Central and Western Europe	0.197	0.147
Central and Western Europe	0.398	0.354
Occupation sector
Army	0.002	0.001
Army	0.045	0.028
Management	0.056	0.023
Management	0.229	0.151
Technology and sciences	0.181	0.093
Technology and sciences	0.385	0.291
Services	0.142	0.097
Services	0.349	0.296
Administration	0.044	0.011
Administration	0.206	0.102
Agriculture and fishery	0.221	0.329
Agriculture and fishery	0.415	0.470
Manufacturing and construction	0.150	0.067
Manufacturing and construction	0.358	0.251
Unqualified occupations	0.203	0.379
Unqualified occupations	0.402	0.485

Note: (a) Source: Spanish National Immigrant Survey; (b) standard deviations are in smaller type