The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain

Budría, Santiago; Martinez de Ibarreta, Carlos; Swedberg, Pablo

doi:10.1186/s40176-017-0094-2

Table 2 OLS and QR estimates

From: The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain

	OLS	τ = 0.1	τ = 0.2	τ = 0.3	τ = 0.4	τ = 0.5	τ = 0.6	τ = 0.7	τ = 0.8	τ = 0.9
Spanish language proficiency	0.070***	0.014	0.021	0.045**	0.069***	0.081***	0.093***	0.098***	0.088***	0.098***
Spanish language proficiency	0.014	0.032	0.024	0.021	0.020	0.019	0.017	0.017	0.021	0.033
Years of schooling	0.008***	0.004**	0.004**	0.002	0.005**	0.008***	0.010***	0.009***	0.009***	0.008***
Years of schooling	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.002
Age	0.005	0.024***	0.013**	0.005	0.004	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.003	0.001
Age	0.004	0.009	0.006	0.006	0.005	0.006	0.005	0.005	0.008	0.007
Age² (×100)	−0.041	−0.312***	−0.167**	−0.062	−0.026	0.025	0.020	0.033	−0.040	0.012
Age² (×100)	0.052	0.121	0.080	0.075	0.066	0.082	0.071	0.069	0.113	0.089
Age at arrival	−0.003***	−0.002***	−0.003***	−0.003***	−0.003***	−0.003***	−0.003***	−0.003***	−0.004***	−0.006***
Age at arrival	0.001	−1.780	0.001	0.001	−3.670	0.001	−3.740	0.001	0.001	0.001
Single	−0.047***	−0.048**	−0.065***	−0.084***	−0.061***	−0.054***	−0.045***	−0.037**	−0.027	−0.051**
Single	0.012	0.022	0.018	0.015	0.013	0.014	0.014	0.015	0.020	0.022
Divorced	−0.034	0.001	0.033	0.004	−0.013	−0.046**	−0.059***	−0.073***	−0.017	−0.031
Divorced	0.022	0.056	0.036	0.027	0.022	0.019	0.014	0.027	0.043	0.051
No. of children	0.005	−0.002	0.007	0.000	0.001	−0.003	−0.006	−0.005	0.000	0.004
No. of children	0.006	0.011	0.011	0.007	0.006	0.006	0.006	0.007	0.008	0.012
Not from Spanish-speaking country	−0.031	0.054	0.096	0.049	−0.001	−0.055*	−0.088***	−0.155***	−0.145**	−0.069
Not from Spanish-speaking country	0.034	0.104	0.049	0.032	−0.040	0.032	0.030	0.043	0.058	0.060
Region of origin
Maghreb	−0.145***	−0.107***	−0.165***	−0.182***	−0.175***	−0.176***	−0.163***	−0.154***	−0.143***	−0.104***
Maghreb	0.019	0.032	0.036	0.027	0.025	0.021	0.017	0.022	0.036	0.038
Sub-Saharan Africa	−0.134***	−0.217***	−0.210***	−0.200***	−0.190***	−0.171***	−0.122***	−0.094***	−0.109***	−0.093*
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.029	0.048	0.052	0.038	0.031	0.032	0.036	0.033	0.039	0.055
Eastern Europe	−0.095***	−0.146***	−0.143***	−0.135***	−0.110***	−0.095***	−0.073***	−0.064**	−0.066**	−0.049
Eastern Europe	0.020	0.040	0.030	0.025	0.024	0.025	0.022	0.026	0.031	0.033
Asia	−0.079**	−0.199**	−0.124*	−0.103**	−0.082**	−0.080**	−0.048	−0.044	0.006	0.036
Asia	0.035	0.069	0.072	0.041	0.036	0.038	0.039	0.038	0.061	0.064
Latin America	−0.144***	−0.164***	−0.180***	−0.174***	−0.179***	−0.189***	−0.176***	−0.159***	−0.132***	−0.095***
Latin America	0.016	0.029	0.025	0.022	0.017	0.020	0.016	0.021	0.028	0.030
Australia-North America	−0.036	−0.015	−0.098	−0.049	−0.095	−0.103	−0.053	−0.029	−0.036	−0.059
Australia-North America	0.058	0.159	0.108	0.087	0.084	0.091	0.088	0.082	0.130	0.120
Occupation sector
Army	0.339***	0.307*	0.362**	0.228	0.316*	0.275	0.177	0.450	0.378	0.524***
Army	0.126	0.157	0.149	0.146	0.171	0.218	0.261	0.297	0.243	0.166
Management	0.295***	0.006	0.072	0.122**	0.248***	0.321***	0.400***	0.481***	0.567***	0.599***
Management	0.028	0.081	0.047	0.057	0.068	0.067	0.066	0.067	0.055	0.055
Technology and sciences	0.386***	0.350***	0.340***	0.340***	0.369***	0.369***	0.51***	0.355***	0.417***	0.537***
Technology and sciences	0.019	0.044	0.034	0.028	0.027	0.023	0.028	0.032	0.044	0.039
Services	−0.022	−0.051*	−0.039	−0.024	−0.019	−0.037**	−0.044**	−0.018	−0.008	0.006
Services	0.018	0.030	0.003	0.023	0.020	0.017	0.020	0.020	0.025	0.029
Administration	0.140***	0.144***	0.099***	0.092**	0.110***	0.128***	0.141***	0.130***	0.177***	0.239***
Administration	0.030	0.043	0.029	0.038	0.041	0.034	0.036	0.036	0.049	0.082
Agriculture and fishery	0.174***	0.166***	0.147***	0.168***	0.187***	0.183***	0.169***	0.143***	0.140***	0.169***
Agriculture and fishery	0.014	0.023	0.020	0.018	0.016	0.013	0.016	0.017	0.023	0.028
Manufacturing and construction	0.187***	0.234***	0.207***	0.239***	0.252***	0.217***	0.176***	0.133***	0.076***	0.100
Manufacturing and construction	0.019	0.039	0.030	0.024	0.018	0.015	0.016	0.018	0.023	0.027
Constraint	1.589***	0.985***	1.329***	1.556***	1.584***	1.671***	1.693***	1.841***	1.869***	1.974***
Constraint	0.092	0.183	0.118	0.121	0.114	0.126	0.110	0.129	0.180	0.142
R ² no. of observations	0.300	0.126	0.135	0.169	0.190	0.203	0.227	0.223	0.237	0.257
R ² no. of observations	3592	3592	3592	3592	3592	3592	3592	3592	3592	3592

Note: (i) Source: Spanish National Immigrant Survey; (ii) heteroskedastic-robust standard errors are in smaller type; (iii) additional controls: 16 dummies for Spanish autonomous communities
*denotes significant atthe 10% level, **denotes significant at the 5% level, ***denotes significant at the 1% level

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