The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain

Table 5 Estimates by educational attainment

	OLS	τ = 0.1	τ = 0.2	τ = 0.3	τ = 0.4	τ = 0.5	τ = 0.6	τ = 0.7	τ = 0.8	τ = 0.9
	OLS	QR
Upper sec. or more exogenous SP	0.110***	0.103**	0.105***	0.098***	0.113***	0.125***	0.134***	0.122***	0.133***	0.111***
Upper sec. or more exogenous SP	0.021	0.051	0.027	0.028	0.027	0.028	0.030	0.035	0.035	0.028
	IV	IVQR
Endogenous SP	0.321***	−0.037	0.154	0.386***	0.449***	0.565***	0.468***	0.461***	0.35***	0.478***
Endogenous SP	0.075	0.121	0.095	0.090	0.088	0.090	0.088	0.092	0.098	0.126
	OLS	QR
Less than upper sec. exogenous SP	0.022	−0.039	−0.039	−0.027	0.029	0.049*	0.063**	0.076***	0.072***	0.104***
Less than upper sec. exogenous SP	0.021	0.045	0.039	0.038	0.037	0.028	0.026	0.022	0.022	0.038
	IV	IVQR
Endogenous SP	0.065	0.012	0.077	0.079	0.0155***	0.133**	0.127**	0.122**	0.143**	0.182**
Endogenous SP	0.047	0.078	0.064	0.057	0.055	0.053	0.054	0.057	0.065	0.079

Note: (i) Source: Spanish National Immigrant Survey; (ii) heteroskedastic-robust standard errors are in smaller type; (iii) additional controls: educational attainment, age and its square, age at arrival, marital status, number of children at home, non-Spanish-speaking country of origin, occupational dummies, the immigrant’s source geographical region, and dummies for region of residence in Spain; (iv) no. of obs. = 2034 top panel, 1558 bottom panel
*denotes significant at the 10% level, **denotes significant at the 5% level, ***denotes significant at the 1% level