The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain

Table 6 Estimates by educational attainment, no occupational controls

	OLS	τ = 0.1	τ = 0.2	τ = 0.3	τ = 0.4	τ = 0.5	τ = 0.6	τ = 0.7	τ = 0.8	τ = 0.9
	OLS	QR
Upper sec. or more exogenous SP	0.125***	0.086*	0.069**	0.080***	0.116***	0.115***	0.150***	0.168***	0.169***	0.166***
Upper sec. or more exogenous SP	0.022	0.046	0.033	0.032	0.030	0.028	0.031	0.033	0.029	0.035
	IV	IVQR
Endogenous SP	0.301***	−0.08	0.007	0.111	0.172**	0.283***	0.461***	0.183***	0.381***	0.407***
Endogenous SP	0.039	0.122	0.102	0.092	0.087	0.087	0.091	0.096	0.104	0.129
	OLS	QR
Less than upper sec. exogenous SP	0.025	−0.051	−0.050	−0.023	−0.015	0.020	0.042	0.071***	0.086***	0.064
Less than upper sec. exogenous SP	0.022	0.041	0.041	0.035	0.039	0.037	0.029	0.026	0.027	0.043
	IV	IVQR
Endogenous SP	0.072	−0.032	−0.028	0.086	0.121**	0.209***	0.118**	0.155***	0.128**	0.022
Endogenous SP	0.045	0.076	0.060	0.055	0.052	0.052	0.052	0.055	0.061	0.072

Note: (i) Source: Spanish National Immigrant Survey; (ii) heteroskedastic-robust standard errors are in smaller type; (iii) additional controls: educational attainment, age and its square, age at arrival, marital status, number of children at home, non-Spanish-speaking country of origin, occupational dummies, the immigrant’s source geographical region, and dummies for region of residence in Spain; (iv) no. of obs. = 2034 top panel, 1558 bottom panel
*denotes significant at the 10% level, **denotes significant at the 5% level, ***denotes significant at the 1% level