Illegal immigration and media exposure: evidence on individual attitudes

Facchini, Giovanni; Mayda, Anna Maria; Puglisi, Riccardo

doi:10.1186/s40176-017-0095-1

Table 4 Instrumental variables

From: Illegal immigration and media exposure: evidence on individual attitudes

Estimation method	OLS	IV		IV
		First stage	Second stage	First stage	Second stage
	[1]	[2]	[3]	[4]	[5]
Age	−0.012^c	−0.003^b	−0.013^c	−0.004^c	−0.013^c
	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]
Age squared	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.000^c
	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
Female dummy	0.006	−0.012	0.003	−0.013^a	0.003
	[0.009]	[0.008]	[0.009]	[0.008]	[0.009]
Black dummy	0.016	0.032^b	0.024	0.036^b	0.025
	[0.017]	[0.014]	[0.018]	[0.014]	[0.017]
Latino dummy	0.147^c	0.053^c	0.162^c	0.055^c	0.159^c
	[0.019]	[0.016]	[0.021]	[0.016]	[0.020]
Immigrant origin	0.011	0.015^b	0.016^b	0.015^b	0.015^a
	[0.007]	[0.006]	[0.008]	[0.006]	[0.008]
Education	0.039^c	−0.012^c	0.035^c	−0.012^c	0.036^c
	[0.004]	[0.003]	[0.004]	[0.003]	[0.004]
Income	0.004^c	−0.001	0.005^c	−0.001	0.005^c
	[0.001]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]
Conservative ideology (100-point scale)	−0.005^c	0.003^c	−0.004^c	0.003^c	−0.005^c
	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
Part id (3-point scale)	−0.025^c	0.047^c	−0.01	0.045^c	−0.015^c
	[0.003]	[0.003]	[0.007]	[0.003]	[0.006]
CNN dummy	−0.084^c			−0.157^c	−0.117^c
	[0.015]			[0.013]	[0.022]
FOX News dummy	−0.066^c		−0.360^c		−0.286^b
	[0.012]		[0.127]		[0.113]
Population density (county level)	0.058^b	−0.014	0.053^b	−0.014	0.054^b
	[0.024]	[0.021]	[0.025]	[0.021]	[0.025]
Fraction of illegal immigrants (state level)	0.006	−0.001	0.004	−0.001	0.005
	[0.004]	[0.004]	[0.005]	[0.004]	[0.004]
Fraction of legal immigrants (state level)	−0.001	0	−0.001	0	−0.001
	[0.001]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]
Share population Fox News available in 1998		0.054^b		0.048^a
		[0.027]		[0.026]
Share population CNN available in 1998		−0.005		−0.007
		[0.011]		[0.011]
Share population Fox News available in 2000		0.004		0.005
		[0.016]		[0.016]
Share population CNN available in 2000		−0.085		−0.083
		[0.062]		[0.062]
Share population Fox News available in 2003		−0.006		−0.006
		[0.012]		[0.012]
Share population CNN available in 2003		0.061		0.063^a
		[0.037]		[0.037]
Cable TV subscriber dummy		0.099^c		0.111^c
		[0.011]		[0.011]
Satellite TV subscriber dummy		0.082^c		0.093^c
		[0.012]		[0.012]
F test on excluded instruments		11.33		14.07
Sargan statistics		18.874		18.741
P value on Sargan stats		0.0086		0.009
R2	0.22	0.19	0.15	0.19	0.19
N	9318	9318	9318	9318	9318

^aSignificant at 1%;
^bsignificant at 5%;
^csignificant at 1%

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