From: Illegal immigration and media exposure: evidence on individual attitudes
Dependent variable | Pro_lenient_plan dummy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimation method | Probit | Probit | Probit | Probit | Probit | Probit |
[1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | [6] | |
Pickup truck dummy | −0.055c | −0.052c | −0.051c | −0.053c | −0.051c | −0.052c |
[0.009] | [0.009] | [0.009] | [0.010] | [0.010] | [0.010] | |
Protestant dummy | – | −0.065c | −0.058c | – | −0.046c | −0.040b |
[0.015] | [0.016] | [0.017] | [0.018] | |||
Catholic dummy | – | −0.061c | −0.050c | – | −0.043c | −0.035b |
[0.014] | [0.014] | [0.015] | [0.016] | |||
Jewish dummy | – | −0.014 | −0.012 | – | 0.011 | 0.009 |
[0.029] | [0.031] | [0.034] | [0.036] | |||
Muslim dummy | – | −0.001 | 0.002 | – | 0.157 | 0.193 |
[0.067] | [0.072] | [0.127] | [0.137] | |||
Other religion dummy | – | −0.003 | 0.002 | – | −0.012 | −0.015 |
[0.017] | [0.018] | [0.020] | [0.021] | |||
Other Christian religion dummy | – | −0.077c | −0.069c | – | −0.051c | −0.044b |
[0.018] | [0.019] | [0.020] | [0.021] | |||
Church attendance | – | 0.026c | 0.025c | – | 0.019c | 0.017c |
[0.004] | [0.004] | [0.004] | [0.004] | |||
Importance of religion | – | −0.006 | −0.012 | – | 0.012 | 0.009 |
[0.012] | [0.012] | [0.012] | [0.013] | |||
ABC dummy | −0.034b | −0.032b | −0.038b | – | – | – |
[0.014] | [0.015] | [0.015] | ||||
CNN dummy | −0.089c | −0.091c | −0.095c | – | – | – |
[0.017] | [0.017] | [0.018] | ||||
FOX News dummy | −0.094c | −0.091c | −0.098c | – | – | – |
[0.015] | [0.015] | [0.015] | ||||
PBS dummy | 0.139c | 0.131c | 0.123c | – | – | – |
[0.023] | [0.022] | [0.023] | ||||
NBC dummy | −0.001 | 0.002 | −0.005 | – | – | – |
[0.016] | [0.017] | [0.017] | ||||
MSNBC dummy | −0.021 | −0.017 | −0.019 | – | – | – |
[0.021] | [0.021] | [0.022] | ||||
Other network dummy | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.007 | – | – | – |
[0.030] | [0.030] | [0.029] | ||||
No evening news dummy | −0.040b | −0.043c | −0.050c | – | – | – |
[0.017] | [0.016] | [0.017] | ||||
Count of stories on illegal immigration on favorite broadcast | – | – | – | −0.001c | −0.001c | −0.001c |
[0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Count of stories mentioning immigration, on favorite broadcast | – | – | – | −0.001c | −0.001c | −0.001c |
[0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Population density (county level) | 0.026c | 0.027c | 0.025c | 0.025c | 0.022c | 0.021c |
– | [0.007] | [0.005] | [0.006] | [0.007] | [0.005] | |
Crime rate, 2004 (county level) | – | – | 0.009c | – | – | 0.008c |
[0.002] | [0.003] | |||||
Unemployment rate, 2005 (county level) | – | – | −0.005a | – | – | −0.005 |
[0.003] | [0.003] | |||||
Fraction of illegal immigrants (state level) | 0.008c | 0.008c | 0.006a | 0.009c | 0.009c | 0.006a |
[0.003] | [0.003] | [0.003] | [0.003] | [0.003] | [0.003] | |
Fraction of legal immigrants (state level) | −0.002b | −0.002a | −0.001 | −0.002a | −0.002a | −0.002 |
[0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] | |
Socio-economic and ideology cont. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Observations | 20,357 | 19,728 | 18,466 | 13,615 | 13,157 | 12,305 |