From: Illegal immigration and media exposure: evidence on individual attitudes
Dependent variable | Pro_lenient_plan dummy | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor force | In | Out | In | Out | In | Out | In | Out | In | Out |
[1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | [6] | [7] | [8] | [9] | [10] | |
Age | −0.019c | −0.016c | −0.015c | −0.015c | −0.016c | −0.014c | −0.016c | −0.014c | −0.016c | −0.013c |
[0.003] | [0.002] | [0.003] | [0.002] | [0.003] | [0.002] | [0.003] | [0.002] | [0.003] | [0.003] | |
Age squared | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c | 0.000c |
[0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | |
Female dummy | 0.037c | 0.029c | 0.002 | 0.016a | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.016a | 0.003 | 0.018a |
[0.009] | [0.010] | [0.009] | [0.010] | [0.009] | [0.010] | [0.009] | [0.010] | [0.009] | [0.010] | |
Black dummy | 0.071c | 0.089c | 0.012 | 0.032 | −0.005 | 0.031 | 0 | 0.038 | 0.002 | 0.048 |
[0.020] | [0.030] | [0.020] | [0.035] | [0.019] | [0.032] | [0.022] | [0.031] | [0.021] | [0.033] | |
Latino dummy | 0.235c | 0.207c | 0.223c | 0.220c | 0.213c | 0.200c | 0.204c | 0.199c | 0.205c | 0.204c |
[0.020] | [0.035] | [0.025] | [0.039] | [0.025] | [0.038] | [0.024] | [0.039] | [0.023] | [0.041] | |
Immigrant origin | 0.019b | 0.038c | 0.012a | 0.025c | 0.013a | 0.027c | 0.015b | 0.024c | 0.016b | 0.027c |
[0.007] | [0.010] | [0.007] | [0.009] | [0.007] | [0.008] | [0.007] | [0.008] | [0.007] | [0.008] | |
Education | 0.050c | 0.038c | 0.045c | 0.034c | 0.044c | 0.033c | 0.044c | 0.033c | 0.044c | 0.035c |
[0.004] | [0.008] | [0.004] | [0.008] | [0.004] | [0.008] | [0.004] | [0.008] | [0.004] | [0.008] | |
Income | 0 | 0 | 0.005c | 0.003 | 0.005c | 0.002 | 0.005c | 0.002 | 0.006c | 0.002 |
[0.002] | [0.003] | [0.002] | [0.003] | [0.001] | [0.003] | [0.001] | [0.003] | [0.002] | [0.003] | |
Conservative (100 pt) | − | – | −0.006c | −0.005c | −0.005c | −0.005c | −0.005c | −0.005c | −0.005c | −0.005c |
[0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | |||
Party id (3 pt) | – | – | −0.056c | −0.038c | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[0.009] | [0.012] | |||||||||
Party id (7 pt) | – | – | – | – | −0.030c | −0.020c | −0.031c | −0.021c | −0.031c | −0.021c |
[0.004] | [0.005] | [0.004] | [0.005] | [0.004] | [0.005] | |||||
ABC dummy | −0.019 | −0.082c | 0.004 | −0.073c | 0.002 | −0.075c | 0.005 | −0.074c | −0.003 | −0.079c |
[0.021] | [0.021] | [0.021] | [0.023] | [0.020] | [0.023] | [0.020] | [0.023] | [0.021] | [0.026] | |
CNN dummy | −0.036 | −0.068b | −0.066c | −0.092c | −0.071c | −0.102c | −0.070c | −0.099c | −0.075c | −0.098c |
[0.023] | [0.027] | [0.022] | [0.026] | [0.021] | [0.024] | [0.020] | [0.024] | [0.021] | [0.025] | |
FOX News dummy | −0.259c | −0.235c | −0.104c | −0.093c | −0.091c | −0.089c | −0.090c | −0.086c | −0.097c | −0.089c |
[0.016] | [0.023] | [0.018] | [0.026] | [0.017] | [0.025] | [0.017] | [0.026] | [0.018] | [0.027] | |
PBS dummy | 0.231c | 0.224c | 0.160c | 0.142c | 0.150c | 0.130c | 0.148c | 0.131c | 0.146c | 0.134c |
[0.028] | [0.030] | [0.030] | [0.031] | [0.028] | [0.033] | [0.028] | [0.034] | [0.029] | [0.038] | |
NBC dummy | −0.008 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | −0.005 | 0.004 |
[0.024] | [0.020] | [0.025] | [0.021] | [0.024] | [0.020] | [0.024] | [0.020] | [0.026] | [0.021] | |
MSNBC dummy | 0.062b | 0.003 | 0.007 | −0.044a | 0.006 | −0.048a | 0.004 | −0.041 | 0.001 | −0.048a |
[0.031] | [0.031] | [0.028] | [0.027] | [0.026] | [0.027] | [0.027] | [0.027] | [0.028] | [0.028] | |
Other network dummy | 0.066 | −0.111b | 0.053 | −0.096b | 0.058 | −0.072 | 0.055 | −0.071 | 0.056 | −0.07 |
[0.043] | [0.045] | [0.046] | [0.047] | [0.043] | [0.045] | [0.044] | [0.047] | [0.046] | [0.048] | |
No evening news dummy | −0.093c | −0.131c | −0.03 | −0.062c | −0.024 | −0.063c | −0.025 | −0.063c | −0.029 | −0.067c |
[0.019] | [0.020] | [0.020] | [0.024] | [0.020] | [0.023] | [0.020] | [0.023] | [0.021] | [0.025] | |
Population density (county level) | – | – | – | – | 0.026c | 0.025b | 0.028c | 0.028b | 0.032c | 0.026b |
[0.008] | [0.011] | [0.010] | [0.012] | [0.007] | [0.011] | |||||
Fraction of illegal immigrants (state level) | – | – | – | – | 0.005 | 0.010c | – | – | – | – |
[0.003] | [0.003] | |||||||||
Fraction of legal immigrants (state level) | – | – | – | – | −0.001 | −0.002a | – | – | – | – |
[0.001] | [0.001] | |||||||||
Sate fixed effects | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
DMA fixed effects | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
Observations | 12,294 | 6334 | 12,294 | 6334 | 12,958 | 6623 | 12,958 | 6623 | 12,928 | 6573 |