Table 5 Panel regression estimates

ln(GDP _jt /GDP _it )

1.895***

2.090***

2.149***

2.000***

(0.202)

(0.240)

(0.254)

(0.249)

ln(Population _it )

3.221***

3.175***

3.201***

6.242***

(0.468)

(0.616)

(0.648)

(1.334)

ln(Population _jt )

1.029***

0.963***

0.985***

0.965***

(0.113)

(0.156)

(0.168)

(0.158)

Distance _ij

−1.498***

−1.985***

−2.064***

−1.958***

(0.374)

(0.452)

(0.463)

(0.446)

Urbanization Rate _jt

0.455

1.158

1.187

1.219

(0.772)

(1.271)

(1.339)

(1.256)

ln(Area _j )

−0.0445

0.0313

0.0270

0.0304

(0.0903)

(0.124)

(0.134)

(0.120)

Contiguity _ij

2.589***

2.826***

2.869***

2.784***

(0.704)

(0.751)

(0.748)

(0.785)

Community _j

2.612***

2.972***

2.992***

3.009***

(0.328)

(0.459)

(0.473)

(0.464)

Landlocked _j

0.317

0.617*

0.659**

0.683**

(0.280)

(0.315)

(0.323)

(0.304)

Year 1970

–

–

–

−0.503

–

–

–

(0.667)

Year 1980

–

–

–

−0.795

–

–

–

(0.543)

Year 1990

–

–

–

−1.631***

–

–

–

(0.376)

Year 2000

–

–

–

−2.473***

–

–

–

(0.554)

Year 2010

–

–

–

−3.117***

–

–

–

(0.718)

Year 2013

–

–

–

−2.445***

–

–

–

(0.745)

Constant

−57.58***

−53.37***

−53.65***

−106.3***

(9.046)

(10.97)

(11.36)

(23.26)

Observations

154

165

165

165

R-squared

0.822

0.765

–

0.775