Acquisition of permanent residence by temporary foreign workers in Canada: a panel study of labour market outcomes before and after the status transition

Table 4 Employment rates of female temporary foreign workers before and after transition to permanent residence, by streams, 1996 to 2012

	Group 1: international agreements		Group 2: Canadian interests—employment benefits		Group 3: other Canadian interests		Group 4: temporary foreign workers with labour market opinion		Group 5: Live-in Caregiver Program
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
	Percentage points
Years prior to transition
5	0.032^†	0.035^†	0.063^†	0.066^†	−0.023^†	−0.019	0.001	0.003	0.044***	0.043***
4	0.014	0.016	0.034	0.037	−0.029**	−0.026**	0.013	0.014	0.034***	0.033***
3	0.030**	0.031**	0.020	0.021	−0.026***	−0.023**	0.000	0.001	0.030***	0.029***
2	0.027**	0.027**	0.049**	0.051**	−0.015**	−0.014**	0.009	0.010	0.025***	0.024***
1	0.004	0.004	0.018	0.018	−0.032***	−0.032***	−0.001	−0.001	0.015***	0.014***
Years post transition
1	−0.004	−0.003	0.021^†	0.022*	0.017***	0.020***	0.000	0.000	−0.026***	−0.022***
2	−0.016*	−0.015*	0.021	0.023^†	0.011***	0.014***	−0.008	−0.007	−0.043***	−0.039***
3	−0.030***	−0.029**	0.004	0.005	0.013***	0.014***	−0.020**	−0.018**	−0.048***	−0.045***
4	−0.036***	−0.035***	0.001	0.001	0.010**	0.011**	−0.025***	−0.024***	−0.054***	−0.051***
5	−0.048***	−0.047***	−0.025	−0.024	0.011**	0.011**	−0.033***	−0.032***	−0.051***	−0.050***
Months of full-time postsecondary education	…	−0.012***	…	−0.011*	…	−0.014***	…	−0.010***	…	−0.014***
Mean of employment rates	0.923	0.923	0.874	0.874	0.778	0.778	0.917	0.917	0.945	0.945
	Number
R-squared	0.454	0.457	0.494	0.496	0.524	0.527	0.464	0.466	0.337	0.342
Sample size	17,135	17,135	7793	7793	209,133	209,133	33,135	33,135	242,322	242,322

Notes: (a) “months of full-time postsecondary education” is computed using information on federal non-refundable full-time education credits and deductions on the T1 Personal Master File; (b) the indicator of missing postsecondary education information is controlled for in Model 2. Sources: Statistics Canada, Temporary Residents file, Immigrant Landing file and Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database
… not applicable
*significantly different from reference category (p < 0.05); **significantly different from reference category (p < 0.01); ***significantly different from reference category (p < 0.001); ^†significantly different from reference category (p < 0.10)