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Table 8 Bivariate probit results: probit coefficients for school enrollment and remittance reception

From: Mixed effects of remittances on child education

Panel A. First stage: remittance reception

(1)

(2)

(3)

Instruments

   

Lagged migration network

9.983***

9.604***

9.528***

 

(0.2105)

(0.2143)

(0.2154)

Migrant’s age between 20 and 50

 

1.120***

0.483***

  

(0.0119)

(0.0150)

Migrant resides in the USA

  

0.951***

   

(0.0189)

Migrants resided in Europe

  

1.084***

   

(0.0171)

Controls

   

Age

0.023

0.022

0.021

 

(0.2105)

(0.0183)

(0.0184)

Female (1 = yes)

0.003

0.003

0.004

 

(0.0034)

(0.0034)

(0.0034)

Rural (1 = yes)

0.004

−0.007

−0.007

 

(0.0055)

(0.0056)

(0.0056)

Migrant relatives

0.732***

0.315***

0.109***

 

(0.0074)

(0.0071)

(0.0068)

Wealth index

2.333***

2.300***

2.294***

 

(0.0220)

(0.0222)

(0.0223)

Infants in household

−0.028***

−0.018***

−0.015***

 

(0.0035)

(0.0034)

(0.0034)

Panel B. Second stage: school enrollment

(1)

(2)

(3)

Remittance reception (1 = yes)

0.184***

0.169***

0.148***

 

(0.0334)

(0.0246)

(0.0225)

Age

−0.228***

−0.228***

−0.228***

 

(0.0159)

(0.0159)

(0.0159)

Female (1 = yes)

−0.012***

−0.012***

−0.012***

 

(0.0027)

(0.0027)

(0.0027)

Rural (1 = yes)

−0.085***

−0.085***

−0.085***

 

(0.0036)

(0.0036)

(0.0036)

Migrant relatives

−0.043***

−0.039***

−0.034***

 

(0.0084)

(0.0068)

(0.0064)

Wealth index

1.958***

1.962***

1.968***

 

(0.0173)

(0.0161)

(0.0158)

Infants in household

−0.152***

−0.152***

−0.152***

 

(0.0019)

(0.0019)

(0.0019)

ρ

−0.069

−0.063

−0.052

χ2 for Wald’s test of ρ=0

16.733

25.093

20.909

p value for Wald’s test of ρ=0

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Notes: The sample includes children between 12 and 17 years old (N = 1,533,133). All model specifications also control for age squared, ethnicity, presence of a disability, parental highest level of education, and province fixed effects. Additional model results available upon request
  2. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1