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Table 10 Mincer income regressions across gender, with industry and occupation added (OLS)

From: Just like a woman? New comparative evidence on the gender income gap across Eastern Europe and Central Asia

 

Kazakhstan

Macedonia

Moldova

Serbia

Tajikistan

Ukraine

 

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Age

0.052***

0.034*

0.030*

0.034*

0.014

0.005

0.018

0.01

0.019

0.017

0.012

0.005

[0.013]

[0.018]

[0.016]

[0.019]

[0.018]

[0.014]

[0.013]

[0.016]

[0.013]

[0.016]

[0.011]

[0.012]

Age2/100

− 0.060***

− 0.038*

− 0.035*

− 0.031

− 0.018

− 0.009

− 0.021

− 0.005

− 0.023

− 0.023

− 0.017

0

[0.016]

[0.021]

[0.018]

[0.023]

[0.020]

[0.017]

[0.015]

[0.020]

[0.015]

[0.019]

[0.014]

[0.015]

Years of schooling

0.044***

0.038**

0.042***

0.040***

0.077***

0.054***

0.041***

0.054***

0.018

0.015

0.007

0.049***

[0.012]

[0.017]

[0.009]

[0.011]

[0.019]

[0.014]

[0.014]

[0.011]

[0.015]

[0.014]

[0.010]

[0.010]

Public

− 0.002

− 0.145

0.111*

− 0.047

− 0.340***

− 0.222***

0.013

− 0.119*

− 0.033

− 0.159

0.005

− 0.184***

[0.071]

[0.099]

[0.061]

[0.081]

[0.108]

[0.085]

[0.064]

[0.067]

[0.102]

[0.135]

[0.053]

[0.063]

Mixed

0.075

− 0.121

0.037

− 0.114

− 0.567**

− 0.124

− 0.091

− 0.121

− 0.034

− 0.071

0.087

0.063

[0.111]

[0.140]

[0.174]

[0.178]

[0.249]

[0.256]

[0.096]

[0.082]

[0.110]

[0.106]

[0.067]

[0.122]

Coop, NGO, etc.

− 0.031

− 0.049

− 0.630**

− 0.058

NA

NA

− 0.084

0.061

0.11

− 0.268

− 0.142

− 0.415**

[0.177]

[0.126]

[0.258]

[0.155]

  

[0.265]

[0.225]

[0.200]

[0.171]

[0.176]

[0.202]

Sector not specified

0.015

− 0.279

− 0.405**

− 0.848**

− 0.16

− 0.407*

0.267

0.05

0.095

− 0.185

0.108

− 0.319

[0.146]

[0.287]

[0.196]

[0.386]

[0.210]

[0.228]

[0.213]

[0.197]

[0.199]

[0.164]

[0.131]

[0.226]

No written contract

− 0.183**

− 0.025

− 0.014

0.076

− 0.076

− 0.192

− 0.482***

− 0.043

0.033

− 0.08

0.024

− 0.035

[0.072]

[0.097]

[0.096]

[0.102]

[0.158]

[0.136]

[0.120]

[0.191]

[0.077]

[0.081]

[0.064]

[0.082]

Contract: do not know/refuse

− 0.003

− 0.044

− 0.007

0.09

− 0.323*

0.262**

− 0.289*

− 0.052

− 0.267**

0.196

0.023

0.054

[0.191]

[0.200]

[0.144]

[0.178]

[0.191]

[0.118]

[0.175]

[0.112]

[0.132]

[0.248]

[0.092]

[0.072]

No soc security on job

− 0.173***

0.013

− 0.163*

− 0.157

− 0.123

0.072

− 0.047

− 0.341**

− 0.057

− 0.075

− 0.047

− 0.063

[0.061]

[0.080]

[0.083]

[0.120]

[0.107]

[0.078]

[0.092]

[0.152]

[0.090]

[0.141]

[0.047]

[0.045]

Soc sec: do not know/refuse

0.058

0.171

− 0.152

0.03

0.261

− 0.074

− 0.273

− 0.034

0.074

0.096

− 0.181**

0.084

[0.163]

[0.187]

[0.144]

[0.281]

[0.309]

[0.159]

[0.248]

[0.130]

[0.215]

[0.244]

[0.088]

[0.063]

Mining

0.343**

0.415

0.467**

− 0.12

0.846**

0.470**

0.363

0.312

0.672***

− 0.157

0.443***

0.408*

[0.154]

[0.367]

[0.191]

[0.262]

[0.342]

[0.205]

[0.231]

[0.297]

[0.245]

[0.166]

[0.159]

[0.222]

Manufacturing and processing

0.441***

0.173

0.295

− 0.302

0.043

0.379**

− 0.05

0.265**

0.261*

− 0.101

0.427***

0.397*

[0.107]

[0.208]

[0.192]

[0.315]

[0.183]

[0.150]

[0.160]

[0.127]

[0.134]

[0.093]

[0.118]

[0.210]

Production and distribution

0.342**

0.415**

0.580***

0.208

0.386*

0.838***

0.234

0.284*

0.25

NA

0.483**

0.549**

[0.153]

[0.189]

[0.207]

[0.291]

[0.234]

[0.227]

[0.207]

[0.151]

[0.276]

 

[0.230]

[0.225]

Construction

0.382***

0.316

0.465**

0.044

0.395**

0.587**

0.083

0.034

0.006

0.099

0.407***

0.640***

[0.098]

[0.207]

[0.191]

[0.479]

[0.191]

[0.287]

[0.165]

[0.288]

[0.103]

[0.184]

[0.110]

[0.214]

Trade, repair, etc.

0.305***

0.029

0.349*

− 0.228

0.601***

0.607***

− 0.071

0.047

0.187

0.374*

0.340***

0.399**

[0.100]

[0.187]

[0.202]

[0.313]

[0.192]

[0.131]

[0.158]

[0.140]

[0.152]

[0.206]

[0.108]

[0.202]

Hotels and restaurants

− 0.225

0.227

0.326

− 0.005

1.311***

0.784***

− 0.126

− 0.093

− 0.285

0.441

0.550***

0.268

[0.280]

[0.238]

[0.201]

[0.317]

[0.246]

[0.251]

[0.178]

[0.208]

[0.202]

[0.387]

[0.153]

[0.270]

Transport, storage, and comm.

0.399***

0.530**

0.316

− 0.183

0.606***

0.762***

− 0.131

0.718***

0.118

0.514

0.357***

0.487**

[0.100]

[0.222]

[0.196]

[0.388]

[0.199]

[0.152]

[0.164]

[0.155]

[0.154]

[0.458]

[0.117]

[0.227]

Financial services

0.245

0.322

0.526***

0.039

0.664***

0.467***

− 0.196

0.214

0.082

0.141

0.524***

0.594***

[0.246]

[0.256]

[0.202]

[0.311]

[0.215]

[0.163]

[0.213]

[0.155]

[0.194]

[0.219]

[0.138]

[0.218]

Renting, retail, etc.

0.356**

0.046

0.251

− 0.26

0.497**

− 0.068

− 0.074

− 0.028

0.294

0.274

0.414***

0.395

[0.162]

[0.294]

[0.225]

[0.322]

[0.235]

[0.188]

[0.175]

[0.152]

[0.290]

[0.235]

[0.133]

[0.242]

Public administration, state gov.

0.277**

0.284

0.417**

0.119

0.524**

0.423***

− 0.037

0.282*

0.24

0.14

0.376***

0.298

[0.125]

[0.209]

[0.203]

[0.286]

[0.207]

[0.152]

[0.164]

[0.155]

[0.169]

[0.204]

[0.132]

[0.239]

Education

− 0.016

0.17

0.352*

− 0.153

0.236

0.301**

− 0.068

0.317**

− 0.307**

0.175

0.126

0.354*

[0.138]

[0.189]

[0.206]

[0.288]

[0.215]

[0.125]

[0.183]

[0.149]

[0.120]

[0.145]

[0.135]

[0.205]

Healthcare and social activities

0.069

0.291

0.485**

− 0.047

0.407*

0.205

− 0.075

0.237

− 0.364***

0.086

0.343**

0.304

[0.185]

[0.180]

[0.200]

[0.293]

[0.243]

[0.127]

[0.183]

[0.154]

[0.118]

[0.155]

[0.168]

[0.214]

Other activities, serving the public

0.177*

0.315*

0.309

− 0.101

0.315*

0.287**

− 0.207

0.076

− 0.016

0.168

0.351***

0.407*

[0.103]

[0.187]

[0.205]

[0.296]

[0.180]

[0.136]

[0.157]

[0.129]

[0.156]

[0.204]

[0.125]

[0.209]

Household activities

− 0.159

0.281

0.159

− 0.022

NA

0.17

− 0.492***

− 0.333

0.16

− 0.107*

0.347*

0.432*

[0.313]

[0.258]

[0.259]

[0.309]

 

[0.254]

[0.153]

[0.247]

[0.373]

[0.060]

[0.196]

[0.241]

Exterritorial org. and religion

1.326***

0.069

NA

NA

0.066

0.665***

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.526***

NA

[0.124]

[0.207]

  

[0.225]

[0.134]

    

[0.167]

 

No particular industry

0.388*

0.855***

0.179

− 0.17

− 0.059

− 0.185

− 0.17

0.014

0.259

− 0.028

0.653***

0.725***

[0.210]

[0.255]

[0.201]

[0.326]

[0.341]

[0.171]

[0.262]

[0.216]

[0.206]

[0.129]

[0.140]

[0.240]

Industry not available

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

− 0.168

0.066

NA

NA

NA

NA

      

[0.205]

[0.179]

    

Professional, self-employed

− 0.25

− 0.157

0.195

− 0.065

0.301

0.126

0.16

0.694

0.125

− 0.077

− 0.109

0.26

[0.266]

[0.406]

[0.131]

[0.164]

[0.325]

[0.240]

[0.292]

[0.479]

[0.144]

[0.123]

[0.274]

[0.215]

Owner of a shop, craftsmen, etc.

− 0.072

0.198

0.141

− 0.352*

0.292

− 0.112

0.12

0.565

0.175

− 0.306

0.012

0.495*

[0.208]

[0.479]

[0.138]

[0.188]

[0.412]

[0.303]

[0.294]

[0.522]

[0.160]

[0.266]

[0.256]

[0.259]

Business proprietors, owner

0.085

0.004

0.315**

0.238

0.769*

0.636

− 0.067

NA

0.329

− 0.255

− 0.073

0.447*

[0.207]

[0.507]

[0.132]

[0.181]

[0.411]

[0.426]

[0.509]

 

[0.217]

[0.198]

[0.251]

[0.245]

Professional, employed

− 0.279

− 0.064

0.038

0.044

− 0.071

0.076

0.069

0.542

0.111

0.083

− 0.166

0.187

[0.220]

[0.446]

[0.113]

[0.168]

[0.271]

[0.217]

[0.276]

[0.481]

[0.215]

[0.217]

[0.255]

[0.202]

General management, director, etc.

0.312

0.27

0.156

0.15

0.069

0.353

0.268

1.134**

0

− 0.356

0.168

0.809***

[0.200]

[0.487]

[0.138]

[0.186]

[0.438]

[0.371]

[0.298]

[0.491]

[0.345]

[0.244]

[0.254]

[0.228]

Middle management, other man.

− 0.164

− 0.042

0.211**

0.047

− 0.075

− 0.148

− 0.041

0.517

0.234

− 0.284*

− 0.15

0.19

[0.210]

[0.431]

[0.106]

[0.157]

[0.307]

[0.258]

[0.277]

[0.476]

[0.162]

[0.164]

[0.248]

[0.207]

Employed, working mainly at desk

− 0.322

− 0.067

− 0.021

− 0.174

− 0.018

− 0.184

− 0.012

0.466

0.244*

− 0.015

− 0.34

0.095

[0.213]

[0.434]

[0.103]

[0.160]

[0.289]

[0.220]

[0.282]

[0.471]

[0.141]

[0.165]

[0.266]

[0.209]

Employed, not at desk, traveling

− 0.249

− 0.036

0.05

− 0.319*

− 0.024

− 0.338

− 0.038

0.409

0.107

0.154

− 0.21

NA

[0.203]

[0.483]

[0.124]

[0.193]

[0.254]

[0.233]

[0.275]

[0.481]

[0.198]

[0.293]

[0.249]

 

Employed, not at desk, service

− 0.159

− 0.245

0.037

− 0.255*

− 0.093

− 0.208

− 0.102

0.495

0.209

0.111

− 0.349

0.106

[0.231]

[0.467]

[0.112]

[0.151]

[0.263]

[0.219]

[0.279]

[0.480]

[0.224]

[0.202]

[0.249]

[0.209]

Supervisor

0.008

− 0.173

− 0.311**

− 0.628***

− 1.069***

0.151

0.181

0.213

0.757***

NA

− 0.381

0.258

[0.231]

[0.486]

[0.157]

[0.205]

[0.309]

[0.235]

[0.289]

[0.580]

[0.198]

 

[0.272]

[0.290]

Skilled manual worker

− 0.294

− 0.306

− 0.088

− 0.549***

0.02

− 0.065

− 0.191

0.211

0.117

0.142

− 0.312

0.095

[0.194]

[0.458]

[0.098]

[0.156]

[0.263]

[0.228]

[0.272]

[0.461]

[0.130]

[0.131]

[0.242]

[0.201]

Other (unskilled) manual worker, servant

− 0.386*

− 0.526

− 0.101

− 0.309*

− 0.351

− 0.24

− 0.174

0.413

− 0.076

− 0.004

− 0.527**

− 0.219

[0.201]

[0.446]

[0.136]

[0.160]

[0.258]

[0.223]

[0.284]

[0.476]

[0.104]

[0.111]

[0.240]

[0.201]

Occupation not available

− 1.052**

− 0.461

0.064

− 0.239

0.666**

0.591**

− 0.151

0.424

0.173

− 0.142

− 0.435

0.543**

[0.438]

[0.481]

[0.111]

[0.181]

[0.259]

[0.280]

[0.278]

[0.481]

[0.169]

[0.159]

[0.317]

[0.227]

Urban

0.372***

0.358***

0.032

0.076

0.193**

0.178***

0.356***

0.313***

0.129

0.032

0.248***

0.178***

[0.059]

[0.076]

[0.043]

[0.055]

[0.089]

[0.056]

[0.054]

[0.061]

[0.110]

[0.095]

[0.046]

[0.047]

Constant

8.935***

8.958***

8.055***

8.397***

6.017***

6.302***

9.475***

8.502***

5.317***

5.495***

6.977***

5.819***

[0.345]

[0.627]

[0.436]

[0.581]

[0.459]

[0.412]

[0.414]

[0.507]

[0.349]

[0.375]

[0.328]

[0.402]

R 2

0.314

0.268

0.337

0.391

0.328

0.307

0.292

0.42

0.21

0.183

0.238

0.346

N

654

455

490

438

352

508

537

452

369

245

537

496

  1. Notes: Values in brackets are within-community correlation/clustering adjusted standard errors (Wooldridge 2010) (and therefore also (implicitly) robust (Huber 1967; White 1980)). Reference categories are as follows: private (sector), written contract (contract), rural (rural-urban location), agriculture/fishing (industry), and farming/fishing (occupation). Source: UNDP/UNICEF Social Exclusion Dataset 2010 (collected November–December 2009)
  2. *Statistically significant at 10%; **statistically significant at 5%; ***statistically significant at 1%