Kazakhstan | Macedonia | Moldova | Serbia | Tajikistan | Ukraine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |
Age | 0.052*** | 0.034* | 0.030* | 0.034* | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.01 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 0.005 |
[0.013] | [0.018] | [0.016] | [0.019] | [0.018] | [0.014] | [0.013] | [0.016] | [0.013] | [0.016] | [0.011] | [0.012] | |
Age2/100 | − 0.060*** | − 0.038* | − 0.035* | − 0.031 | − 0.018 | − 0.009 | − 0.021 | − 0.005 | − 0.023 | − 0.023 | − 0.017 | 0 |
[0.016] | [0.021] | [0.018] | [0.023] | [0.020] | [0.017] | [0.015] | [0.020] | [0.015] | [0.019] | [0.014] | [0.015] | |
Years of schooling | 0.044*** | 0.038** | 0.042*** | 0.040*** | 0.077*** | 0.054*** | 0.041*** | 0.054*** | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.049*** |
[0.012] | [0.017] | [0.009] | [0.011] | [0.019] | [0.014] | [0.014] | [0.011] | [0.015] | [0.014] | [0.010] | [0.010] | |
Public | − 0.002 | − 0.145 | 0.111* | − 0.047 | − 0.340*** | − 0.222*** | 0.013 | − 0.119* | − 0.033 | − 0.159 | 0.005 | − 0.184*** |
[0.071] | [0.099] | [0.061] | [0.081] | [0.108] | [0.085] | [0.064] | [0.067] | [0.102] | [0.135] | [0.053] | [0.063] | |
Mixed | 0.075 | − 0.121 | 0.037 | − 0.114 | − 0.567** | − 0.124 | − 0.091 | − 0.121 | − 0.034 | − 0.071 | 0.087 | 0.063 |
[0.111] | [0.140] | [0.174] | [0.178] | [0.249] | [0.256] | [0.096] | [0.082] | [0.110] | [0.106] | [0.067] | [0.122] | |
Coop, NGO, etc. | − 0.031 | − 0.049 | − 0.630** | − 0.058 | NA | NA | − 0.084 | 0.061 | 0.11 | − 0.268 | − 0.142 | − 0.415** |
[0.177] | [0.126] | [0.258] | [0.155] | [0.265] | [0.225] | [0.200] | [0.171] | [0.176] | [0.202] | |||
Sector not specified | 0.015 | − 0.279 | − 0.405** | − 0.848** | − 0.16 | − 0.407* | 0.267 | 0.05 | 0.095 | − 0.185 | 0.108 | − 0.319 |
[0.146] | [0.287] | [0.196] | [0.386] | [0.210] | [0.228] | [0.213] | [0.197] | [0.199] | [0.164] | [0.131] | [0.226] | |
No written contract | − 0.183** | − 0.025 | − 0.014 | 0.076 | − 0.076 | − 0.192 | − 0.482*** | − 0.043 | 0.033 | − 0.08 | 0.024 | − 0.035 |
[0.072] | [0.097] | [0.096] | [0.102] | [0.158] | [0.136] | [0.120] | [0.191] | [0.077] | [0.081] | [0.064] | [0.082] | |
Contract: do not know/refuse | − 0.003 | − 0.044 | − 0.007 | 0.09 | − 0.323* | 0.262** | − 0.289* | − 0.052 | − 0.267** | 0.196 | 0.023 | 0.054 |
[0.191] | [0.200] | [0.144] | [0.178] | [0.191] | [0.118] | [0.175] | [0.112] | [0.132] | [0.248] | [0.092] | [0.072] | |
No soc security on job | − 0.173*** | 0.013 | − 0.163* | − 0.157 | − 0.123 | 0.072 | − 0.047 | − 0.341** | − 0.057 | − 0.075 | − 0.047 | − 0.063 |
[0.061] | [0.080] | [0.083] | [0.120] | [0.107] | [0.078] | [0.092] | [0.152] | [0.090] | [0.141] | [0.047] | [0.045] | |
Soc sec: do not know/refuse | 0.058 | 0.171 | − 0.152 | 0.03 | 0.261 | − 0.074 | − 0.273 | − 0.034 | 0.074 | 0.096 | − 0.181** | 0.084 |
[0.163] | [0.187] | [0.144] | [0.281] | [0.309] | [0.159] | [0.248] | [0.130] | [0.215] | [0.244] | [0.088] | [0.063] | |
Mining | 0.343** | 0.415 | 0.467** | − 0.12 | 0.846** | 0.470** | 0.363 | 0.312 | 0.672*** | − 0.157 | 0.443*** | 0.408* |
[0.154] | [0.367] | [0.191] | [0.262] | [0.342] | [0.205] | [0.231] | [0.297] | [0.245] | [0.166] | [0.159] | [0.222] | |
Manufacturing and processing | 0.441*** | 0.173 | 0.295 | − 0.302 | 0.043 | 0.379** | − 0.05 | 0.265** | 0.261* | − 0.101 | 0.427*** | 0.397* |
[0.107] | [0.208] | [0.192] | [0.315] | [0.183] | [0.150] | [0.160] | [0.127] | [0.134] | [0.093] | [0.118] | [0.210] | |
Production and distribution | 0.342** | 0.415** | 0.580*** | 0.208 | 0.386* | 0.838*** | 0.234 | 0.284* | 0.25 | NA | 0.483** | 0.549** |
[0.153] | [0.189] | [0.207] | [0.291] | [0.234] | [0.227] | [0.207] | [0.151] | [0.276] | [0.230] | [0.225] | ||
Construction | 0.382*** | 0.316 | 0.465** | 0.044 | 0.395** | 0.587** | 0.083 | 0.034 | 0.006 | 0.099 | 0.407*** | 0.640*** |
[0.098] | [0.207] | [0.191] | [0.479] | [0.191] | [0.287] | [0.165] | [0.288] | [0.103] | [0.184] | [0.110] | [0.214] | |
Trade, repair, etc. | 0.305*** | 0.029 | 0.349* | − 0.228 | 0.601*** | 0.607*** | − 0.071 | 0.047 | 0.187 | 0.374* | 0.340*** | 0.399** |
[0.100] | [0.187] | [0.202] | [0.313] | [0.192] | [0.131] | [0.158] | [0.140] | [0.152] | [0.206] | [0.108] | [0.202] | |
Hotels and restaurants | − 0.225 | 0.227 | 0.326 | − 0.005 | 1.311*** | 0.784*** | − 0.126 | − 0.093 | − 0.285 | 0.441 | 0.550*** | 0.268 |
[0.280] | [0.238] | [0.201] | [0.317] | [0.246] | [0.251] | [0.178] | [0.208] | [0.202] | [0.387] | [0.153] | [0.270] | |
Transport, storage, and comm. | 0.399*** | 0.530** | 0.316 | − 0.183 | 0.606*** | 0.762*** | − 0.131 | 0.718*** | 0.118 | 0.514 | 0.357*** | 0.487** |
[0.100] | [0.222] | [0.196] | [0.388] | [0.199] | [0.152] | [0.164] | [0.155] | [0.154] | [0.458] | [0.117] | [0.227] | |
Financial services | 0.245 | 0.322 | 0.526*** | 0.039 | 0.664*** | 0.467*** | − 0.196 | 0.214 | 0.082 | 0.141 | 0.524*** | 0.594*** |
[0.246] | [0.256] | [0.202] | [0.311] | [0.215] | [0.163] | [0.213] | [0.155] | [0.194] | [0.219] | [0.138] | [0.218] | |
Renting, retail, etc. | 0.356** | 0.046 | 0.251 | − 0.26 | 0.497** | − 0.068 | − 0.074 | − 0.028 | 0.294 | 0.274 | 0.414*** | 0.395 |
[0.162] | [0.294] | [0.225] | [0.322] | [0.235] | [0.188] | [0.175] | [0.152] | [0.290] | [0.235] | [0.133] | [0.242] | |
Public administration, state gov. | 0.277** | 0.284 | 0.417** | 0.119 | 0.524** | 0.423*** | − 0.037 | 0.282* | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.376*** | 0.298 |
[0.125] | [0.209] | [0.203] | [0.286] | [0.207] | [0.152] | [0.164] | [0.155] | [0.169] | [0.204] | [0.132] | [0.239] | |
Education | − 0.016 | 0.17 | 0.352* | − 0.153 | 0.236 | 0.301** | − 0.068 | 0.317** | − 0.307** | 0.175 | 0.126 | 0.354* |
[0.138] | [0.189] | [0.206] | [0.288] | [0.215] | [0.125] | [0.183] | [0.149] | [0.120] | [0.145] | [0.135] | [0.205] | |
Healthcare and social activities | 0.069 | 0.291 | 0.485** | − 0.047 | 0.407* | 0.205 | − 0.075 | 0.237 | − 0.364*** | 0.086 | 0.343** | 0.304 |
[0.185] | [0.180] | [0.200] | [0.293] | [0.243] | [0.127] | [0.183] | [0.154] | [0.118] | [0.155] | [0.168] | [0.214] | |
Other activities, serving the public | 0.177* | 0.315* | 0.309 | − 0.101 | 0.315* | 0.287** | − 0.207 | 0.076 | − 0.016 | 0.168 | 0.351*** | 0.407* |
[0.103] | [0.187] | [0.205] | [0.296] | [0.180] | [0.136] | [0.157] | [0.129] | [0.156] | [0.204] | [0.125] | [0.209] | |
Household activities | − 0.159 | 0.281 | 0.159 | − 0.022 | NA | 0.17 | − 0.492*** | − 0.333 | 0.16 | − 0.107* | 0.347* | 0.432* |
[0.313] | [0.258] | [0.259] | [0.309] | [0.254] | [0.153] | [0.247] | [0.373] | [0.060] | [0.196] | [0.241] | ||
Exterritorial org. and religion | 1.326*** | 0.069 | NA | NA | 0.066 | 0.665*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.526*** | NA |
[0.124] | [0.207] | [0.225] | [0.134] | [0.167] | ||||||||
No particular industry | 0.388* | 0.855*** | 0.179 | − 0.17 | − 0.059 | − 0.185 | − 0.17 | 0.014 | 0.259 | − 0.028 | 0.653*** | 0.725*** |
[0.210] | [0.255] | [0.201] | [0.326] | [0.341] | [0.171] | [0.262] | [0.216] | [0.206] | [0.129] | [0.140] | [0.240] | |
Industry not available | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | − 0.168 | 0.066 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
[0.205] | [0.179] | |||||||||||
Professional, self-employed | − 0.25 | − 0.157 | 0.195 | − 0.065 | 0.301 | 0.126 | 0.16 | 0.694 | 0.125 | − 0.077 | − 0.109 | 0.26 |
[0.266] | [0.406] | [0.131] | [0.164] | [0.325] | [0.240] | [0.292] | [0.479] | [0.144] | [0.123] | [0.274] | [0.215] | |
Owner of a shop, craftsmen, etc. | − 0.072 | 0.198 | 0.141 | − 0.352* | 0.292 | − 0.112 | 0.12 | 0.565 | 0.175 | − 0.306 | 0.012 | 0.495* |
[0.208] | [0.479] | [0.138] | [0.188] | [0.412] | [0.303] | [0.294] | [0.522] | [0.160] | [0.266] | [0.256] | [0.259] | |
Business proprietors, owner | 0.085 | 0.004 | 0.315** | 0.238 | 0.769* | 0.636 | − 0.067 | NA | 0.329 | − 0.255 | − 0.073 | 0.447* |
[0.207] | [0.507] | [0.132] | [0.181] | [0.411] | [0.426] | [0.509] | [0.217] | [0.198] | [0.251] | [0.245] | ||
Professional, employed | − 0.279 | − 0.064 | 0.038 | 0.044 | − 0.071 | 0.076 | 0.069 | 0.542 | 0.111 | 0.083 | − 0.166 | 0.187 |
[0.220] | [0.446] | [0.113] | [0.168] | [0.271] | [0.217] | [0.276] | [0.481] | [0.215] | [0.217] | [0.255] | [0.202] | |
General management, director, etc. | 0.312 | 0.27 | 0.156 | 0.15 | 0.069 | 0.353 | 0.268 | 1.134** | 0 | − 0.356 | 0.168 | 0.809*** |
[0.200] | [0.487] | [0.138] | [0.186] | [0.438] | [0.371] | [0.298] | [0.491] | [0.345] | [0.244] | [0.254] | [0.228] | |
Middle management, other man. | − 0.164 | − 0.042 | 0.211** | 0.047 | − 0.075 | − 0.148 | − 0.041 | 0.517 | 0.234 | − 0.284* | − 0.15 | 0.19 |
[0.210] | [0.431] | [0.106] | [0.157] | [0.307] | [0.258] | [0.277] | [0.476] | [0.162] | [0.164] | [0.248] | [0.207] | |
Employed, working mainly at desk | − 0.322 | − 0.067 | − 0.021 | − 0.174 | − 0.018 | − 0.184 | − 0.012 | 0.466 | 0.244* | − 0.015 | − 0.34 | 0.095 |
[0.213] | [0.434] | [0.103] | [0.160] | [0.289] | [0.220] | [0.282] | [0.471] | [0.141] | [0.165] | [0.266] | [0.209] | |
Employed, not at desk, traveling | − 0.249 | − 0.036 | 0.05 | − 0.319* | − 0.024 | − 0.338 | − 0.038 | 0.409 | 0.107 | 0.154 | − 0.21 | NA |
[0.203] | [0.483] | [0.124] | [0.193] | [0.254] | [0.233] | [0.275] | [0.481] | [0.198] | [0.293] | [0.249] | ||
Employed, not at desk, service | − 0.159 | − 0.245 | 0.037 | − 0.255* | − 0.093 | − 0.208 | − 0.102 | 0.495 | 0.209 | 0.111 | − 0.349 | 0.106 |
[0.231] | [0.467] | [0.112] | [0.151] | [0.263] | [0.219] | [0.279] | [0.480] | [0.224] | [0.202] | [0.249] | [0.209] | |
Supervisor | 0.008 | − 0.173 | − 0.311** | − 0.628*** | − 1.069*** | 0.151 | 0.181 | 0.213 | 0.757*** | NA | − 0.381 | 0.258 |
[0.231] | [0.486] | [0.157] | [0.205] | [0.309] | [0.235] | [0.289] | [0.580] | [0.198] | [0.272] | [0.290] | ||
Skilled manual worker | − 0.294 | − 0.306 | − 0.088 | − 0.549*** | 0.02 | − 0.065 | − 0.191 | 0.211 | 0.117 | 0.142 | − 0.312 | 0.095 |
[0.194] | [0.458] | [0.098] | [0.156] | [0.263] | [0.228] | [0.272] | [0.461] | [0.130] | [0.131] | [0.242] | [0.201] | |
Other (unskilled) manual worker, servant | − 0.386* | − 0.526 | − 0.101 | − 0.309* | − 0.351 | − 0.24 | − 0.174 | 0.413 | − 0.076 | − 0.004 | − 0.527** | − 0.219 |
[0.201] | [0.446] | [0.136] | [0.160] | [0.258] | [0.223] | [0.284] | [0.476] | [0.104] | [0.111] | [0.240] | [0.201] | |
Occupation not available | − 1.052** | − 0.461 | 0.064 | − 0.239 | 0.666** | 0.591** | − 0.151 | 0.424 | 0.173 | − 0.142 | − 0.435 | 0.543** |
[0.438] | [0.481] | [0.111] | [0.181] | [0.259] | [0.280] | [0.278] | [0.481] | [0.169] | [0.159] | [0.317] | [0.227] | |
Urban | 0.372*** | 0.358*** | 0.032 | 0.076 | 0.193** | 0.178*** | 0.356*** | 0.313*** | 0.129 | 0.032 | 0.248*** | 0.178*** |
[0.059] | [0.076] | [0.043] | [0.055] | [0.089] | [0.056] | [0.054] | [0.061] | [0.110] | [0.095] | [0.046] | [0.047] | |
Constant | 8.935*** | 8.958*** | 8.055*** | 8.397*** | 6.017*** | 6.302*** | 9.475*** | 8.502*** | 5.317*** | 5.495*** | 6.977*** | 5.819*** |
[0.345] | [0.627] | [0.436] | [0.581] | [0.459] | [0.412] | [0.414] | [0.507] | [0.349] | [0.375] | [0.328] | [0.402] | |
R 2 | 0.314 | 0.268 | 0.337 | 0.391 | 0.328 | 0.307 | 0.292 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.183 | 0.238 | 0.346 |
N | 654 | 455 | 490 | 438 | 352 | 508 | 537 | 452 | 369 | 245 | 537 | 496 |