Just like a woman? New comparative evidence on the gender income gap across Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Table 6 Overall income decompositions: three- and twofold

	Kazakhstan	Macedonia	Moldova	Serbia	Tajikistan	Ukraine
Threefold
Endowments	− 0.062**	− 0.03	0.038	− 0.070***	0.008	− 0.006
Endowments	[0.026]	[0.023]	[0.026]	[0.023]	[0.021]	[0.018]
Coefficients	0.293***	0.208***	0.201***	0.191***	0.141***	0.310***
Coefficients	[0.041]	[0.033]	[0.053]	[0.031]	[0.045]	[0.032]
Interaction	− 0.025	− 0.003	0.016	0.023	0.024	0.001
Interaction	[0.023]	[0.018]	[0.028]	[0.015]	[0.026]	[0.018]
Twofold
Explained	− 0.087***	− 0.032*	0.054*	− 0.047**	0.032	− 0.005
Explained	[0.028]	[0.019]	[0.032]	[0.020]	[0.020]	[0.013]
Unexplained	0.293***	0.208***	0.201***	0.191***	0.141***	0.310***
Unexplained	[0.041]	[0.033]	[0.053]	[0.031]	[0.045]	[0.032]
N	1109	928	860	989	614	1033

Notes: Decompositions are from females’ viewpoint, i.e., using male endowments and returns (sensitivity analysis using reverse decompositions for the threefold decomposition and several alternative weights given to males relative to females/regression model used in determining the reference coefficients for the twofold decompositions are reported in Appendices 4 and 5, respectively). Values in brackets are within-community correlation/clustering adjusted standard errors (Wooldridge 2010) (and therefore also (implicitly) robust (Huber 1967; White 1980)). Source: UNDP/UNICEF Social Exclusion Dataset 2010 (collected November-December 2009)
*: statistically significant at 10 percent; **: statistically significant at 5 percent; ***: statistically significant at 1 percent