Table 3 Partial likelihood estimates for the Cox proportional hazard models

Dummy for female

0.683***

0.907***

0.370

0.610***

0.882***

0.381

0.493*

(3.838)

(3.916)

(1.142)

(3.510)

(3.925)

(1.119)

(2.566)

Age of the owner

3.244***

3.635***

2.714**

3.073***

(6.426)

(5.705)

(3.256)

(5.968)

Dummy for elementary education attainment

− 0.111

− 0.065

− 0.034

− 0.255

(− 0.608)

(− 0.261)

(− 0.109)

(− 1.332)

Dummy for college diploma and above attainment

0.037

− 0.025

0.252

0.456^†

(0.154)

(− 0.078)

(0.689)

(1.802)

Dummy for TVET education

− 0.523

− 0.462

− 0.612

− 0.481

(− 1.121)

(− 0.764)

(− 0.827)

(− 1.004)

Dummy for active in a labor market prior to the new business

− 0.388*

− 0.400

− 0.332

− 0.346^†

(− 2.014)

(− 1.557)

(− 1.043)

(− 1.656)

Dummy for self-employment experience prior to the new business

0.309

0.494

0.047

0.316

(1.169)

(1.485)

(0.099)

(1.142)

Dummy for business experience prior to the new business

0.191

− 0.042

0.625^†

0.242

(1.053)

(− 0.180)

(1.951)

(1.256)

Dummy for apprentice experience prior to the new business

0.306

0.574*

− 0.281

0.639**

(1.582)

(2.417)

(− 0.749)

(2.950)

Dummy for opportunity motivation

− 0.837***

− 0.712**

− 0.974**

− 0.776***

(− 4.583)

(− 3.002)

(− 3.192)

(− 3.785)

Dummy for entrepreneurship training prior to the new business

− 0.543*

− 0.178

− 1.210*

0.032

(− 2.112)

(− 0.577)

(− 2.440)

(0.110)

Firm size (initial number of workers)

− 0.198*

− 0.029

(− 2.073)

(− 0.293)

Large start-up capital (more than 100,000)

− 0.824^†

0.358

− 1.433*

− 0.485

(− 1.866)

(0.556)

(−2.177)

(− 1.013)

Micro start-up capital (less than 25,000)

− 0.272

− 0.134

− 0.377

− 0.016

(− 1.162)

(− 0.360)

(− 0.935)

(− 0.061)

Dummy for sole proprietorship start-up

− 0.898***

− 1.016***

− 1.026^†

− 1.079***

− 1.014***

− 1.961**

− 1.187***

(− 3.771)

(− 3.880)

(− 1.687)

(− 5.220)

(− 4.063)

(− 3.260)

(− 4.542)

Dummy for cooperative start-up

0.312

0.055

0.478

− 0.196

(1.483)

(0.177)

(1.487)

(− 0.796)

Dummy for product provider

− 0.598***

− 0.712**

− 0.470

− 0.627***

− 0.674**

− 0.539^†

− 0.643***

(− 3.445)

(− 3.295)

(− 1.433)

(− 3.506)

(− 2.939)

(− 1.738)

(− 3.411)

Dummy for support beneficiary

− 0.092

− 0.219

0.238

0.040

(− 0.466)

(− 0.960)

(0.544)

(0.189)

Dummy for registered during establishment

− 0.503*

− 0.485*

− 0.411

− 0.101

(− 2.495)

(− 2.005)

(− 0.446)

Dummy for competitive pricing strategy

− 0.337*

− 0.145

− 0.582*

− 0.421*

(− 1.994)

(− 0.630)

(− 2.035)

(− 2.353)

Dummy for mark-up pricing strategy

− 0.090

− 0.036

0.031

− 0.040

(− 0.514)

(− 0.157)

(0.110)

(− 0.218)

Dummy for at home placing strategy

− 0.245

− 0.019

− 0.822*

− 0.213

(− 1.149)

(− 0.078)

(− 1.515)

(− 0.963)

Dummy for at industrial site placing strategy

− 0.960*

− 0.234

− 2.091**

− 0.980*

(− 2.554)

(− 0.510)

(− 2.801)

(− 2.433)

Dummy for salesmanship promotion strategy

− 0.221

− 0.228

− 0.080

− 0.138

(− 0.970)

(− 0.724)

(− 0.230)

(− 0.581)

Dummy for product innovation strategy

− 0.258

− 0.102

− 0.664*

− 0.261

(− 1.470)

(− 0.446)

(− 2.187)

(− 1.452)

Dummy for market place innovation strategy

− 0.407^†

− 0.292

− 0.754*

− 0.424^†

(− 1.844)

(− 0.981)

(− 2.143)

(− 1.887)

Dummy for high degree of competition

− 0.223

− 0.095

− 0.575^†

− 0.099

(− 1.244)

(− 0.396)

(− 1.946)

(− 0.530)

Dummy for niche market strategy

− 0.149

− 0.134

0.004

− 0.143

(− 0.818)

(− 0.579)

(0.011)

(− 0.724)

Dummy for external market linkage

− 0.997*

− 0.468

− 1.455*

− 1.168**

(− 2.454)

(− 0.755)

(− 2.509)

(− 2.776)

Log capital investment

− 0.150***

− 0.146***

− 0.170***

− 0.158***

(− 7.936)

(− 5.651)

(− 5.613)

(− 7.824)

Dummy for retained earnings investment

− 0.738***

− 0.861**

− 0.472

− 0.688***

(− 3.779)

(− 3.102)

(− 1.546)

(− 3.292)

Dummy for internal financing

− 0.850*

− 1.009*

− 0.873

− 1.001**

(− 2.520)

(− 2.403)

(− 1.259)

(− 2.810)

Dummy for business financing

− 0.328

− 0.596

− 0.254

− 0.294

(− 1.105)

(− 1.509)

(− 0.481)

(− 0.973)

Dummy for external financing

− 0.577*

− 0.716*

− 0.426

− 0.642*

(− 2.124)

(− 2.124)

(− 0.802)

(− 2.245)

Dummy for undercapitalization challenge

0.392*

0.583*

0.162

0.220

(2.189)

(2.471)

(0.527)

(1.151)

Dummy for inventory system

− 0.670**

− 0.768*

− 0.614^†

− 0.752**

(− 2.695)

(− 1.998)

(− 1.731)

(− 2.869)

Dummy for annual budget

− 0.708

− 1.398

− 0.743

− 0.703

(− 1.513)

(− 1.369)

(− 1.345)

(1.459)

Dummy for poor accounting system

0.160

0.313

− 0.097

0.074

(0.675)

(1.034)

(− 0.235)

(0.310)

Dummy for owners training after establishment

0.423*

0.415

0.378

0.203

(2.035)

(1.551)

(0.982)

(0.884)

Dummy for workers training while they are on duty

− 0.644*

− 0.992*

− 0.625

− 0.534^†

(− 2.459)

(− 2.155)

(− 1.570)

(− 1.955)

Dummy for Internet connection in the premises

− 1.760^†

− 2.011^†

(− 1.732)

(− 1.952)

LHR test

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Wald test

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Log rank test

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000